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["Disease_ID","DOID","Disease_Name","Definition","Synonyms","Class","Related_Drugs","Mechanism","Reference_PMIDs"]
[1,552,"Pneumonia","A lung disease that involves lung parenchyma or alveolar inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (consolidation and exudation). It results from a variety of causes including infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, and chemical or physical injury to the lungs. It is accompanied by fever, chills, cough, and difficulty in breathing.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia","Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia; Haemophilus parainfluenzae pneumonia; Legionella pneumophila pneumonia; Moraxella catarrhalis pneumonia; Mycoplasma pneumonia; Pneumonia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae; Pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Streptococcal pneumonia; acute pneumonia; COVID-19","disease of anatomical entity/respiratory system disease/\tlower respiratory tract disease/lung disease","Amoxicillin; Azithromycin; CLA; Doxycycline","NAFLD can play a role in the outcome of COVID-19 illness due to frequent association with comorbidities. Initial evidences suggest that increased liver fibrosis in NAFLD might affect COVID-19 outcome. In addition, long-term monitoring of post-COVID-19 NAFLD patients is advisable, to document further deterioration of liver damage. Further studies are required in this field.","32589264"]
[2,5113,"Nutritional deficiency disease","A nutrition disease that is characterized by deficiency of a nutritional element, such as a vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate, protein, fat, or general energy content.\r\nhttps://medlineplus.gov/malnutrition.html","Carnitine deficiency; Folic Acid Deficiency; Mineral deficiency; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin Deficiency; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamin D-dependent rickets; Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets, X-Linked; dietary shortage or imbalance; Nutritional deficiency","disease of metabolism/acquired metabolic disease/nutrition disease","Alpha-tocopherol; Carnitine complex; Citrulline; DHA; Ergocalciferol; Folic acid; Glutathione; L-alanine; L-Carnitine; Niacin; Olive oil; S-adenosyl-L-methionine; Testosterone Undecanoate; Vitamin B12; Vitamin B6; Vitamin C; Vitamin E;","A series of studies revealed the pivotal role of gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis in NAFLD's pathogenesis. The GM plays an essential role in different metabolic pathways, including the fermentation of diet polysaccharides, energy harvest, choline regulation, and bile acid metabolism. One of the most critical factors in GM stabilization is the diet; therefore, nutritional therapyappearsto be a promising tool in NAFLD therapy.","33567710"]
[3,10211,"Cholelithiasis","cholelithiasis","Cholelithiasis","disease of anatomical entity/gastrointestinal system disease/gallbladder disease","Ursodeoxycholic acid","Gatients with metabolic risk factors and cholelithiasis suffer significantly more often from NAFLD compared with the reference group. Cholelithiasis represents an independent risk factor of NAFLD in addition to metabolic risk factors and could be regarded as an additional risk factor of liver damage in patients with NAFLD. Furthermore, NAFLD is an independent risk factor for cholelithiasis and might represent a pathogenetic link between the metabolic syndrome and cholelithiasis.","22182015"]
[4,1459,"Hypothyroidism","A thyroid gland disease which involves an underproduction of thyroid hormone.\r\nhttps://medlineplus.gov/hypothyroidism.html","Congenital Hypothyroidism; \t\r\nThyroid deficiency; Thyroid insufficiency","disease of anatomical entity/\tendocrine system disease/\tthyroid gland disease","Levothyroxine","Thyroid hormones control lipid metabolism by exhibiting specific effects on the liver and adipose tissue in a coordinated manner. Different diseases of the thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is frequently associated with dyslipidemia. Hypothyroidism-associated dyslipidemia subsequently results in intrahepatic accumulation of fat, leading to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which leads to the development of hepatic insulin resistance.","34884625"]
[5,9352,"Type 2 diabetes mellitus","A diabetes that is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2","Diabetes Mellitus; Insulin-Dependent;  Non-Insulin-Dependent; Diabetic Nephropathy; Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; hyperglycemia; hyperinsulinemia; type II diabetes mellitus; type 2 diabetes; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM; insulin resistance; T2DM","disease of metabolism/inherited metabolic disorder/\tcarbohydrate metabolic disorder/glucose metabolism disease/diabetes/\tdiabetes mellitus","Acarbose; Alpha-lipoic acid; Canagliflozin; Dapagliflozin; Diamel; Dulaglutide; Elafibranor; Empagliflozin; Gliclazide; Glimepiride; Glucophage; Insulin; Insulin largine; Inulin; Linagliptin; Liraglutide; Lobeglitazone; Losartan; Metformin; Pioglitazone; Semaglutide; Sitagliptin; Thioctic acid; Troglitazone; Vildagliptin","NAFLD progression is closely associated with insulin resistance and T2DM34. Available evidence also suggests that a bidirectional relationship exists between NAFLD (or NASH) and T2DM. Both T2DM and obesity have been independently associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD5, and improvements in insulin sensitivity have been positively associated with histological improvements in NASH and fibrosis regression","32061595"]
[6,811,"Lipodystrophy","A connective tissue disease that is characterized by marked reduction, absence, and/or the redistribution of adipose tissue.\r\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25690482, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25833179","Acquired generalized lipodystrophy; Acquired partial lipodystrophy; Familial generalized lipodystrophy; Lipodystrophy due to Human immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy","disease of anatomical entity/\tmusculoskeletal system disease/\tconnective tissue disease","Metreleptin; Tesamorelin","Severe fatty liver disease develops early in lipodystrophic mice and progresses to advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with highly dysplastic liver nodules. The liver injury is propagated by lipotoxicity and is associated with improved blood glucose levels.","27207510"]
[7,1936,"Arteriosclerosis","Build-up of fatty material and calcium deposition in the arterial wall resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the arterial lumen.https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=ncit&code=C35768","Atherosclerosis; Arteriosclerosis","disease of anatomical entity/cardiovascular system disease/\tvascular disease/\tartery disease","Gemcabene","The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly increasing and may put patients at increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (asCVD). Both disease phenotypes often co-occur, in the case of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, and the metabolic syndrome.","31630897"]
[8,114,"Cardiovascular system disease","A disease of anatomical entity which occurs in the blood, heart, blood vessels or the lymphatic system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells or lymph to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system","Atrial Fibrillation; Angina Pectoris; \theart disease; Myocardial Infarction; Chronic heart failure","disease of anatomical entity","Digoxin; Atorvastatin; Ranolazine; Aspirin; Epanova; Spironolactone","Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are both manifestations of end-organ damage of the metabolic syndrome. Through multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, CVD and NAFLD are associated with each other. Systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hepatic insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and altered lipid metabolism are some of the mechanisms by which NAFLD increases the risk of CVD. Patients with NAFLD develop increased atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia, which clinically result in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Defining the mechanisms linking these 2 diseases offers the opportunity to further develop targeted therapies.","30819364"]
[9,104,"Bacterial infectious disease","A disease by infectious agent that results_in infection, has_material_basis_in Bacteria. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria","Bartonella Infections; Chlamydia Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; HIV Infections; Rickettsia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis infection of genital structure; GONOCOCCAL INFECTION DISSEMINATED; Infection of skin AND/OR subcutaneous tissue; Lower respiratory tract infection; Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection; Staphylococcus aureus infection; Streptococcus pyogenes infection; Chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease; Chlamydial pneumonia; Cholera; Urinary tract infection; Trachoma; Tuberculosis","disease by infectious agent","Amoxicillin; Azithromycin; CLA; Doxycycline; Raltegravir; TAF","It has become evident that patients suffering from NAFLD might be at higher risk of developing various infections. The proposed mechanism for this association includes links through hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, alterations in innate immunity, obesity, and vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, a risk independent of these factors mediated by alterations in gut microbiota might contribute to a higher burden of infections in these individuals.","33977096"]
[10,2987,"Familial Mediterranean fever","An autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and acute inflammation of the membranes lining the abdomen, joints and lungs; that has_material_basis_in mutations in the MEFV gene, which encodes the protein pyrin.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever, https://www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information/rare-diseases/byID/127/viewAbstract","Familial Mediterranean fever","disease of anatomical entity/\timmune system disease/primary immunodeficiency disease/primary immunodeficiency disease","Acetaminophen; Doxycycline","The extremely high proportion of NAFLD in our cohort of FMF patients without overt metabolic syndrome may indicate an unappreciated novel association between FMF and NAFLD.","21360101"]
[11,5295,"Intestinal disease","A gastrointestinal system disease that is located_in the intestine.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract","Diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome; Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; Constipation; Chronic idiopathic constipation; Irritable bowel syndrome characterized by constipation; IBD; IBS","disease of anatomical entity/gastrointestinal system disease","Rifaximin; Lactulose; Lubiprostone","Regarding NAFLD, experiments using gut microbiota transplants to germ-free animal models showed that fatty liver disease development is determined by gut bacteria. Moreover, the perturbation of the composition of the gut microbiota has been observed in patients suffering from NAFLD. Numerous mechanisms relating the gut microbiome to NAFLD have been proposed, including the dysbiosis-induced dysregulation of gut endothelial barrier function that allows for the translocation of bacterial components and leads to hepatic inflammation.  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are amongst the most common gastrointestinal and liver conditions encountered in primary and secondary care. Recently, there has been interest in the apparent co-incidence of NAFLD in patients with IBS mainly driven by improved understanding of their shared risk factors and pathophysiology. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with worse hospitalization outcomes in IBD patients after adjusting for metabolic factors. These data suggest nonmetabolic factors may be implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in IBD patients and may contribute to worsened clinical outcomes.","30683985; 35069992; 34374782"]
[12,10763,"Hypertension","An artery disease characterized by chronic elevated blood pressure in the arteries.\r\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797","Hypertensive disease; Hypertensive urgency; hypertension; \t\r\nHigh blood pressure; HTN; hyperpiesia; vascular hypertensive disorder","disease of anatomical entity/\tcardiovascular system disease/vascular disease/\tartery disease","Atorvastatin; Losartan; Moxonidine; Perindopril; Spironolactone; Telmisartan;","Hypertension, a multifactorial disorder resulting from the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors, affects ≈30% of adults. Emerging evidence has shown that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as an underestimated metabolic abnormality, is strongly associated with an increased risk of incident prehypertension and hypertension.","31865799"]
[13,3146,"Lipid metabolism disorder","An inherited metabolic disorder that involves the creation and degradation of lipids.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_metabolism","Hypertriglyceridemia; hypertriglyceridaemia; Hypercholesterolemia; Dyslipidemia; Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined; Hyperlipidemias; fatty acid metabolism disorder; Familial hypercholesterolemia - heterozygous; Familial hypercholesterolemia - homozygous; Hypercholesterolemia;","disease of metabolism/\tinherited metabolic disorder","Acipimox; Atorvastatin; Bezafibrate; Cholestyramine; Ezetimibe;  Fenofibrate; Fish oil; Gemcabene; Gemfibrozil; Levothyroxine; Lovaza; Niacin; OMACOR; Omega 3 PUFA; Resmetirom; Rosuvastatin; Pemafibrate;","Alterations in hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are major contributing factors to the increased CVD risk in NAFLD patients, and many promising NASH therapies in development also improve dyslipidemia in clinical trials.","33010471"]
[14,9970,"Obesity","An overnutrition that is characterized by excess body fat, traditionally defined as an elevated ratio of weight to height (specifically 30 kilograms per meter squared), has_material_basis_in a multifactorial etiology related to excess nutrition intake, decreased caloric utilization, and genetic susceptibility, and possibly medications and certain disorders of metabolism, endocrine function, and mental illness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity","Overweight","disease of metabolism/acquired metabolic disease/\tnutrition disease/overnutrition","Orlistat; Phentermine; Rimonabant; Sibutramine","Both T2DM and obesity have been independently associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD5, and improvements in insulin sensitivity have been positively associated with histological improvements in NASH and fibrosis regression.","31366455"]
[15,1290,"Bone disease","A connective tissue disease that affects the structure or development of bone or causes an impairment of normal bone function.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_disease","Osteomalacia; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Arthritis; Arthritis, Gouty; Degenerative polyarthritis; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Gout; Hyperuricemia; osteoarthritis","disease of anatomical entity/\tmusculoskeletal system disease/connective tissue disease","Ergocalciferol; Allopurinol; Aspirin; Salsalate","Our data show that NAFLD is significantly associated with osteoporosis as well as bone fractures in a large cohort of patients followed in German general practices. This finding suggests that NAFLD patients might benefit from improved monitoring for the occurrence of bone demineralization and osteoporosis, which in turn could trigger preventive therapeutic measures.","34710938"]
[16,6713,"Cerebrovascular disease","An vascular disease that is characterized by dysfunction of the blood vessels supplying the brain.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK378/","Stroke; Cerebrovascular accident; cerebrovascular disorder; CVA","disease of anatomical entity/\tcardiovascular system disease/\tvascular disease/cerebrovascular disease","Dabigatran Etexilate; Atorvastatin; Rosuvastatin; Telmisartan","NAFLD per se may be involved in cerebral atherosclerotic disease. It will be interesting to draw longitudinal studies to determine whether these changes could evolve in more serious cerebral injury. It is also becoming apparent that NAFLD is associated with moderate cerebral dysfunction and cognitive decline. A possible link between NAFLD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has only recently been proposed due to the multiple shared genes and pathological mechanisms contributing to the development of these conditions.","29175651; 34537182"]
[17,1596,"Mental depression","Mental depression","depression","disease of mental health/\tcognitive disorder/\tmood disorder","S-adenosyl-L-methionine","Growing evidence suggests a positive association between metabolic syndrome and certain mental health problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, and chronic stress). Given the strong overlap between metabolic syndrome and NAFLD, and the common underlying mechanisms that link the two conditions, it is probable that potentially bidirectional associations are also present between NAFLD and mental health comorbidity. Recently, a significant association between these hepatic diseases and different central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been observed in an increasing number of patients. NAFLD-related CNS dysfunctions include cognitive impairment, hippocampal-dependent memory impairment, and mood imbalances (in particular, depression and anxiety). This review aims at summarizing the main correlations observed between NAFLD development and these CNS dysfunctions, focusing on the studies investigating the mechanism(s) involved in this association. Growing evidences point at cerebrovascular alteration, neuroinflammation, and brain insulin resistance as NAFLD/NASH-related CNS manifestations.","34829926; 32708059"]