Pseudonocardiaceae Embley et al. 1989
General information
Description and emendation
Aerobic, non-motile, mesophilic or thermophilic, catalase positive actinomycetes comprising the genera Actinopolyspora, Amycolatopsis, Faenia, Pseudonocardia, Saccharomonospora and Saccharopolyspora. Morphologically heterogeneous; single or short chains of spores may be present on aerial mycelium or on both the aerial and the substrate mycelium. Some taxa may fail to produce aerial mycelium or spores. Marked fragmentation of hyphae occurs in some strains but is absent in others. Some members are autotrophic but most are chemoorganotrophic. At least one species is halophilic. Soils, fodders, manure, sugar cane waste and moist hay are typical habitats. The six genera form a coherent phylogenetic unit on the basis of a comparison of partial 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. All have a cell wall type IV containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose, but lack mycolic acids. Tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with eight or nine isoprene units are characteristic components. Some strains may also produce significant amounts of dihydrogenated menaquinones with eight or nine isoprene units. Fatty acids are primarily of the iso- and anteiso-methyl-branched series. Small amounts of 10-methyl hranched, straight-chain-saturated and mono-unsaturated (oleic series) fatty acids may also be detected. Some strains synthesise di-methyl-branched fatty acids. Phosphatidylinositol is found in all taxa, phosphatidylethanolamine or derivatives thereof in all genera except Actinopolyspora. Phosphatidylcholine is synthesised by representatives of Actinopolyspora, Faenia, Pseudonocardia and Saccharopolyspora. Detailed two-dimensional thin-layer separations of total polar lipids may help to distinguish between genera. Guanine plus cytosine ratios for the family range from 63-79% (Tm).
1: The pattern of 16S rDNA signatures consists of nucleotides at positions 127-234 (G-C), 183-194 (G-U), 502-543 (A-U), 603-635 (C-G), 610 (A), 747 (A), 952-1229 (U-A), 986-1219 (U-A), 987-1218 (G-C), 1001-1039 (Pyr-G), and 1308-1329(C-G). Comment: Although in phylogenetic terms this family is rather broad, it is currently not possible to subdivide the family due to the lack of an unambiguous pattern of signature nucleotides . The family cintains the type genus Pseudonocardia as well as the genera Actinopolyspora, Actinosynnema, Amycolatopsis, Kibdelosporangium, Kutzneria, Lentzea, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Saccharothrix, Streptoalloteichus, and Thermocrispum.
2: The pattern of 16S rRNA signatures consists of nucleotides at positions 211 (G), 480 (U) and 142:221 (C-G). The family contains the type genus Pseudonocardia, as well as the genera Actinomycetospora, Allokutzneria, Amycolatopsis, Saccharopolyspora, Saccharomonospora, Streptoalloteichus, Kibdelosporangium, Thermocrispum, Kutzneria, Actinoalloteichus, Crossiella, Prauserella and Goodfellowiella (previous illegitimate name Goodfellowia).
3: Cell-wall hydrolysates contain DL-A2pm as diaminoacid and galactose or arabinose as whole-cell sugars. PE or DPG, PC or PG and lyso-PG are evident in polar-lipid patterns. Fatty acids are composed of straight-chain saturated and monounsaturated and iso- and anteiso-branched compounds.
3: The family contains the type genus Pseudonocardia, as well as the genera Actinoalloteichus, Actinokineospora, Actinomycetospora, Actinophytocola, Actinosynnema, Alloactinosynnema, Allokutzneria, Amycolatopsis, Crossiella, Goodfellowiella (previous illegitimate name Goodfellowia), Haloechinothrix, Kibdelosporangium, Kutzneria, Lechevalieria, Lentzea, Prauserella, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Saccharothrix, Sciscionella, Streptoalloteichus, Thermocrispum, Umezawaea and Yuhushiella. Aerobic, mesophilic or thermophilic, catalase-positive actinomycetes. Gram-positive. Not acid-fast. Morphologically heterogeneous; single or short chains of spores may be present on both aerial mycelium and substrate mycelium. Vegetative mycelium branches, diameter approximately 0.5-0.7 mm; aerial mycelium is produced and fragments in some genera into single smooth-surfaced, rod-shaped elements or chains of such elements. Some taxa may fail to produce aerial mycelium. Marked fragmentation of hyphae occurs in some taxa, but is absent in others. Other structures such as synnemata or dome-like bodies, sporangia or pseudosporangia may be produced in some genera. Motile spores may be produced in some genera. Most taxa are chemo-organotrophic, although some are autotrophic. A few taxa are halophilic. All genera contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid in their peptidoglycan and all except Haloechinothrix contain galactose as one of many diagnostic whole-cell sugars. Mycolic acids are not present in any of the genera. Tetrahydrogenated menaquinones of nine isoprene units are characteristic components, although menaquinones containing eight isoprene units predominate in the genus Pseudonocardia. The phospholipid profile generally includes phosphatidylethanolamine, sometimes containing hydroxylated fatty acids, as a major constituent, although representatives of one or more genera may also contain phosphatidylcholine. Resistant to lysozyme. The G+C content of the DNA ranges from 66 to 74 mol%. The pattern of 16S rRNA signatures consists of nucleotides at positions 127:234 (G-C), 564 (U), 672:734 (U-G), 831:855 (U-G), 832:854 (G-Y), 833:853 (U-G), 952:1229 (U-A) and 986:1219 (U-A). Members of the family are found in a variety of environments, including soils, plant material, manure and clinical or veterinary samples.
Subdivision(s)
MID | Name | Rank | Taxon ID |
---|---|---|---|
M020202160101 | Actinoalloteichus | Genus | 65496 |
M020202160102 | Actinocrispum | Genus | 1891915 |
M020202160103 | Actinokineospora | Genus | 39845 |
M020202160104 | Actinomycetospora | Genus | 402649 |
M020202160105 | Actinophytocola | Genus | 695999 |
M020202160106 | Actinorectispora | Genus | 1769723 |
M020202160107 | Actinosynnema | Genus | 40566 |
M020202160109 | Allokutzneria | Genus | 1137960 |
M020202160110 | Amycolatopsis | Genus | 1813 |
M020202160111 | Crossiella | Genus | 130795 |
M020202160112 | Goodfellowiella | Genus | 334857 |
M020202160113 | Haloechinothrix | Genus | 1425377 |
M020202160114 | Herbihabitans | Genus | 1884922 |
M020202160115 | Kibdelosporangium | Genus | 2029 |
M020202160116 | Kutzneria | Genus | 43356 |
M020202160117 | Labedaea | Genus | 1434013 |
M020202160119 | Lentzea | Genus | 165301 |
M020202160120 | Longimycelium | Genus | 1434016 |
M020202160121 | Prauserella | Genus | 142577 |
M020202160122 | Pseudonocardia | Genus | 1847 |
M020202160123 | Saccharomonospora | Genus | 1851 |
M020202160124 | Saccharopolyspora | Genus | 1835 |
M020202160125 | Saccharothrix | Genus | 2071 |
M020202160126 | Salinifilum | Genus | 2040254 |
M020202160127 | Sciscionella | Genus | 596495 |
M020202160128 | Streptoalloteichus | Genus | 2016 |
M020202160129 | Tamaricihabitans | Genus | 1734465 |
M020202160130 | Thermocrispum | Genus | 37924 |
M020202160131 | Thermotunica | Genus | 1649509 |
M020202160132 | Umezawaea | Genus | 583360 |