Cronobacter Iversen et al. 2008
General information
Description and emendation
Comprises oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, peritrichous, Gram-negative rods that are approximately 3 μm × 1 μm in size. Generally motile, reduce nitrate, utilize citrate, hydrolyse aesculin and arginine and test positive for L-ornithine decarboxylation. Acid is produced from D-glucose, sucrose, raffinose, melibiose, cellobiose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, trehalose, galacturonate and maltose. Generally positive for acetoin production (Voges-Proskauer test) and negative for the methyl red test, indicating 2,3-butanediol rather than mixed acid fermentation. Growth occurs between 6 and 45°C in brain heart infusion broth (CM1032; Oxoid). Growth also occurs between pH 5 and 10, inclusive, as measured by the Biolog Phenotype MicroArray, with no growth for any strain below pH 4.5. Growth also consistently occurs in concentrations of sodium chloride up to 7% (w/v) and no isolates are able to grow in 10% sodium chloride. Growth is possible in concentrations up to 100 mM of ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite, in 200 mM sodium phosphate, in 5% sodium sulphate and in 20% ethylene glycol. Growth does not occur above a concentration of 20 mM sodium benzoate. The following compounds are utilized as sole carbon sources: α-D-glucose, β-D-fructose, D-galactose, trehalose, D-mannose, α-melibiose, sucrose, raffinose, maltotriose, maltose, α-lactose, 1-0-methyl α/β-galactopyranoside, cellobiose, β-gentiobiose, 1-0-methyl β-D-glucopyranoside, aesculin, L-arabinose, D-xylose, glycerol, D-mannitol, L-malate, D-glucuronate, D-galacturonate, 2-keto-D-gluconate, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, arbutin, DL-α-glycerol-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone, D-ribose, L-lyxose, pyruvic acid, D-gluconate, DL-lactate, succinate, fumarate, DL-glycerate, D-glucosamine, L-aspartate, L-glutamate, L-proline, D-alanine, L-alanine and L-serine. Metabolize the substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl α-D-glucopyranoside, 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, 4-nitrophenyl-α/β-D-glucopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl-α/β-D-galactopyranoside. The following compounds are not hydrolysed: 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide, L-aspartic acid 4-nitroanilide. Negative reactions include hydrogen sulphide production, urea hydrolysis, lysine decarboxylation and β-D-glucuronidase activity. The following compounds are not utilized as sole sources of carbon: L-sorbose, α-L-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, xylitol, D-tagatose, D-sorbitol, adonitol, hydroxyquinoline-β-glucuronide, i-erythritol, 3-0-methyl D-glucopyranose, D-saccharate, mucate, L-tartrate, D-tartrate, meso-tartrate, tricarballylate, 5-keto-D-gluconate, L-tryptophan, phenylacetate, protocatechuate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, quinate, gentisate, 3-hydroxybenzoate, benzoate, 3-phenylpropionate, m-coumarate, trigonelline, betaine, histamine, caprate, caprylate, L-histidine, glutarate, 5-aminovalerate, ethanolamine, tryptamine, itaconate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, propionate, L-tyrosine, α-ketoglutarate, sodium pyruvate, amygdalin, D-serine, D-threonine, inulin, L-alaninamide, laminarin, L-glucose, L-homoserine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-valine, mannan, tyramine, glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. The utilization of melezitose, malonate, dulcitol, myo-inositol, turanose, trans-aconitate, cis-aconitate, maltitol, putrescine, lactulose, 1-0-methyl α-D-glucopyranoside, palatinose, adenosine, D-arabinose, D-psicose, formate, inosine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-rhamnose, salicin, stachyose, thymidine, uridine and 4-aminobutyrate, and the production of indole are variable.
1: Cells are straight rods, 0.9-1.0 μm × 1.5-3.0 μm, generally motile by peritrichous flagella. Gram negative. Facultatively anaerobic. Optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Colonies are yellow-pigmented, round, convex and smooth with entire margins when grown on TSA at 37°C for 24 h. Negative for lysine decarboxylase and H2S production, and variable for Voges-Proskauer, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase. Generally negative for indole production. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Acid is produced from glucose, L-arabinose, D-mannitol, galacturonate, maltose and trehalose. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-galactose, D-fructose, gentiobiose, D-glucose, lactose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, D-melibiose, L-rhamnose, D-trehalose, D-gluconic acid and glycerol are oxidized (Biolog), whereas p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, itaconic acid, propionic acid, L-alaninamide, 2-aminoethanol and 2,3-butanediol are not. Reactions to tweens 40 and 80, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-arabitol, m-inositol, D-raffinose, D-sorbitol, sucrose, turanose, succinic acid mono-methyl ester, cis-aconitic acid, D-saccharic acid, L-proline, D-serine, L-threonine, D-glucose-1-phosphate and D-glucose-6-phosphate are variable. Major fatty acids are C16:0, C18:1 ω7c and summed features 2 (iso-C16:1 and/or C14:0 3-OH) and generally 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH), with C18:1 ω7c representing more than 17% of the total amount. Members of the genus Cronobacter form a clade using MLSA based on concatenated partial gyrB, rpoB, infB and atpD sequences. Cronobacter species have been isolated from humans, clinical samples, milk and fruit powder and infant formula and the environment. Several species cause infections in neonates. G+C contents range from 55.2 to 57.8 mol%.
Subdivision(s)
MID | Name | Rank | Taxon ID |
---|---|---|---|
M022506080205002 | Cronobacter condimenti | Species | 1163710 |
M022506080205003 | Cronobacter dublinensis | Species | 413497 |
M022506080205004 | Cronobacter malonaticus | Species | 413503 |
M022506080205005 | Cronobacter muytjensii | Species | 413501 |
M022506080205001 | Cronobacter sakazakii | Species | 28141 |
M022506080205006 | Cronobacter turicensis | Species | 413502 |
M022506080205007 | Cronobacter universalis | Species | 535744 |