Arcobacter Vandamme et al. 1991
General information
Description and emendation
cells are gram-negative nonsporeforming rods (width, 0.2 to 0.9 µm; length, 1 to 3 µm) that are usually curved, S shaped, or helical. Motile (with a darting, corkscrewlike motion) by means of a single polar, unsheathed flagellum. Growth occurs at 15, 30, and 37°C; no growth occurs at 42°C. Optimal growth occurs under microaerophilic conditions (3 to 10% 02) Hydrogen is not required for microaerophilic growth. Growth occurs in the presence of 1 and 2% NaCl and 1% (wt/vol) pteridine vibriostatic compound 0/129. No growth occurs in the presence of 1% glycine and 0.1% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The strains have oxidase and catalase activities and reduce nitrate. Negative reactions in methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests. Indole is not produced. Carbohydrates are neither fermented nor oxidized. Organic and amino acids are utilized as carbon sources. Hippurate, esculin, starch, and DNA are not hydrolyzed; gelatin is not liquified. Nonhemolytic. Menaquinone 6 and a second atypical menaquinone 6, the identity of which remains to be established, are the major respiratory quinones. Strains have been isolated from root-associated sediments and roots of salt march plants, from aborted fetuses of several species of farm animals, and from various other animal and human sources. Pathogenicity is unknown. The DNA base composition ranges from 28 to 31 mol% G+C.
1: cells are gram-negative nonsporeforming rods (0.2 to 0.9 µm wide and 1 to 3 µm long) that are usually curved, S-shaped, or helical. Motile with a darting, corkscrewlike movement by means of a single polar, unsheathed flagellum. Growth occurs at 15, 25, and 30°C; variable growth occurs at 37 and 42°C. Optimal growth occurs under microaerobic conditions (3 to 10% O2. There is no hydrogen requirement for microaerobic growth. Aerobic growth occurs at 30°C. Anaerobic growth occurs at 35 to 37°C. Carbohydrates are neither fermented nor oxidized. Organic acids and amino acids are utilized as carbon sources. Growth occurs in the presence of 1% (wt/vol) pteridine vibriostatic compound 0/129. Growth is inhibited in the presence of 0.1% TTC. A TTC concentration of 0.04% is inhibitory to some strains. Reduction of nitrate, hydrolysis of DNA, and growth in the presence of 1% glycine, 1% oxgall, 1.5 and 3.5% NaCl, and 8% glucose are variable. The strains have oxidase and catalase activities. Negative reactions in methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests, no reduction of nitrite, no urease activity, no hydrolysis of hippurate, and no production of indole. No production of hydrogen sulfide from triple sugar iron agar or in the rapid H2S test; variable production of hydrogen sulfide from cysteine. Esculin and starch are not hydrolyzed, and gelatin is not liquified. Most strains are nonhemolytic; alpha-hemolysis is often observed with A. skirrowii strains. Nearly all strains are susceptible to nalidixic acid; susceptibility to cephalothin (30-µg discs) is variable. For all species examined so far, menaquinone 6 and a second atypical menaquinone 6, the identity of which remains to be established, are the major respiratory quinones. All strains have 12:0, 14:0 30H, 16:1 cis 9, 16:0, and 18:1 cis 11 as major fatty acids. Strains have been isolated from root-associated sediments and roots of salt marsh plants, from aborted fetuses of several species of farm animals, and from various other animal and human sources. The pathogenicity of these organisms is unknown. The DNA base composition ranges from 27 to 30 mol%.
2: Some species are obligate anaerobes and lack motility. Cells of some species are filamentous and are up to 7 mm long. Catalase is absent in some species. Hydrolysis of casein is variable and H2S is produced by some species. The type species of the genus has MK-6 and MK-7 as major quinones with minor amounts of MK-8 while some species have MK-6 as the major respiratory quinone with minor amounts of MMK-6. C16:1 ω7c and C18:1 ω7c are the major fatty acids with minor amounts of C12:0 3-OH, C14:0, C18:0, C14:1 ω6c and C18:1 ω9c also present in some species. All species tested have PG and PE as major polar lipids. In addition, some species have DPG, PS, PC, PI, unidentified aminolipids (AL1, AL2), unidentified phospholipids (PL1, PL2) and unidentified lipids (L1, L2 and L3). The DNA base composition ranges from 24.6 to 31 mol% G+C.
3: Cells are Gram-negative, curved rods 0.2–0.9 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm long. Coccoid bodies are found in old cultures but are not rapidly produced under aerobic conditions. Motile with a rapid corkscrew motion. Each cell possesses a single polar flagellum. Does not swarm. Chemoorganotrophic. Utilizes organic and amino acids as carbon sources, but not carbohydrates. Respiratory metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; anaerobic growth with aspartate and fumarate, but not with nitrate. Nitrate usually reduced to nitrite. Requires NaCl for growth. Grows at temperatures of 10°C–35°C but not at 42°C. Catalase, oxidase, urease, and nitrogenase positive. Phosphatase, sulfatase and indole negative. Does not hydrolyze esculin, casein, DNA, gelatine, hippurate or starch. Fluorescent pigments are not produced. Unable to grow with glycine (1% wt/vol), safranin (0.05% wt/vol), oxgall (1% wt/vol), or 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (0.04%, wt/vol). Positive for the hydrolysis of indoxyl acetate. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate not produced. The base composition of the DNA is 28.1–28.4% G+C as determined from the genomes.
Subdivision(s)
MID | Name | Rank | Taxon ID |
---|---|---|---|
MSG100612 | 'Arcobacter bacterium' | Species | |
M022505010101002 | Arcobacter acticola | Species | 1849015 |
M022505010101004 | Arcobacter anaerophilus | Species | 877500 |
M022505010101005 | Arcobacter butzleri | Species | 28197 |
M022505010101006 | Arcobacter cibarius | Species | 255507 |
M022505010101007 | Arcobacter cryaerophilus | Species | 28198 |
M022505010101003 | Arcobacter faecis | Species | 1564138 |
M022505010101008 | Arcobacter lanthieri | Species | 1355374 |
M022505010101001 | Arcobacter nitrofigilis | Species | 28199 |
M022505010101009 | Arcobacter skirrowii | Species | 28200 |
M022505010101010 | Arcobacter thereius | Species | 544718 |
M022505010101011 | Arcobacter trophiarum | Species | 708186 |