| Drug ID: | Drug175 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Allopurinol |
| CID: | 135401907 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00437 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03101800 |
| Molecular Formula: | C5H4N4O |
| Molecular Weight: | 136.11 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | C1=NNC2=C1C(=O)NC=N2 |
| Synonyms: | allopurinol; 315-30-0; 1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol; 4-Hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine; Allopurinolum; 4-HPP; Alopurinol; 1H-Pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-ol; 4-Hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine; 4-Hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine |
| Phase 0: | 4 |
| Phase 1: | 36 |
| Phase 2: | 76 |
| Phase 3: | 46 |
| Phase 4: | 40 |
| Description: | A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms. [PubChem] |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt1276 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 1576 | CYP3A4 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1277 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 2646 | GCKR | Homo sapiens (human) | Inhibitor | |
| dt1278 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 54657 | UGT1A4 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1279 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 23040 | MYT1L | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1280 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 54579 | UGT1A5 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1281 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 5311 | PKD2 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1282 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 54659 | UGT1A3 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1283 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 1557 | CYP2C19 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1284 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 1565 | CYP2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt1285 | 135401907 | Allopurinol | 360158 | CYCSP5 | Homo sapiens (human) | None |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12612001107819 | Febuxostat-thiopurine combination therapy in patients with moderately severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a pilot study of a novel drug combination that may influence thiopurine bioavailability | PHASE1 | Not Recruiting | Prof Tim Florin | inflammatory bowel disease; inflammatory bowel d… | To use the combination of febuxostat and 6-mercap… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NCT00849368 | Dose-effect Relationship Between Allopurinol, Azathioprine and 6-thioguanine Nucleotide Levels (6-TGN) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. | PHASE1 | Not recruiting | University of Zurich | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Drug: Azathioprine / Allopurinol | Details |
| NCT03101800 | Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Hvidovre University Hospital | Colitis, Ulcerative|Colitis Ulcerative Exacerbati… | DRUG: Azathioprine and Allopurinol|DRUG: Azathiop… | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | |||||
Thiopurine shunting in a renal transplant recipient: prepregnancy consideration…
PMID: 40675654
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Fertility and reproductive counselling are integral for female kidney transplant recipients. Although classified as high-risk, successful pregnancies…
The fate of thiopurine metabolites after switching to low-dose thiopurine with …
PMID: 40421668
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
AIMS: Shunting (hypermethylating) thiopurine metabolism, characterized by excessive 6-MMPR production and (sub)therapeutic 6-TGN levels, poses a sign…
Multicentre study and systematic review: Allopurinol exposure during pregnancy
PMID: 38984819
Year: 2024
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Data about the safety of allopurinol in pregnant women are sparsely reported. AIMS: To investigate the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome …
Allopurinol Disrupts Purine Metabolism to Increase Damage in Experimental Colit…
PMID: 38474337
Year: 2024
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is marked by a state of chronic energy deficiency that limits gut tissue wound healing. This energy shortfall is par…
Clinical trial: Combination allopurinol-thiopurine versus standard thiopurine i…
PMID: 38095246
Year: 2024
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Thiopurines are established treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet concerns remain regarding their safety. AIM: To evaluate…
Safety and Efficacy of Split-Dose Thiopurine vs Low-Dose Thiopurine-Allopurinol…
PMID: 36729814
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
INTRODUCTION: Split-dose thiopurine and allopurinol-thiopurine cotherapy strategies have been suggested as rescue therapeutic options for children wi…
Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Fu…
PMID: 36242689
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex immune-mediated inflammatory diseases that are associated with significant morbidity around the wor…
Allopurinol to Prevent Mercaptopurine Adverse Effects in Children and Young Adu…
PMID: 33750748
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Mercaptopurine (6MP) is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is metabolized by hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosal transferase to for…
Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: A retrospective pop…
PMID: 33118191
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
AIMS: Thiopurines are important for treating inflammatory bowel disease, but are often discontinued due to adverse effects. Concomitant use of allopu…
Use of Allopurinol to Mitigate 6-Mercaptopurine Associated Gastrointestinal Tox…
PMID: 32766146
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
An essential component of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy is the prolonged maintenance phase with daily 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) as the cor…
Outcome of concomitant treatment with thiopurines and allopurinol in patients w…
PMID: 32213059
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Thiopurine and allopurinol in combination are associated with clinical remission in inflammatory bowel diseases but their influence on su…
Role of allopurinol and febuxostat in the amelioration of dextran-induced colit…
PMID: 31654756
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic auto-inflammatory disorder confined to the colorectal region. It is challenging to find an absolute treatment and cur…
Thiopurines with low-dose allopurinol (ThiLDA)-a prospective clinical one-way c…
PMID: 31587102
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
PURPOSE: Many patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) who have a high 6-methylmercaptopurine/6-thioguanine (6-MMP/6-TGN) ratio…
Addition of Allopurinol for Altering Thiopurine Metabolism to Optimize Therapy …
PMID: 29197117
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Thiopurine drugs, including azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, are used commonly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease for maintenance of remis…
Histological remission of autoimmune hepatitis after the addition of allopurino…
PMID: 28740837
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
The standard therapy for some autoimmune diseases consists of a combination of corticosteroids and thiopurines. In non-responders to thiopurine drugs…
Optimizing Thiopurine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among 2 Real-life I…
PMID: 28617756
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
BACKGROUND: Thiopurines (azathioprine and mercaptopurine) are frequently used immunosuppressive drugs to maintain remission in patients with inflamma…
Combination treatment with 6-mercaptopurine and allopurinol in HepG2 and HEK293…
PMID: 28278299
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Combination treatment with low-dose thiopurine and allopurinol (AP) has successfully been used in patients with inflammatory bowel disease with a so …
Allopurinol enhanced thiopurine treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: safet…
PMID: 24438369
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: The thiopurine medications are standard inflammatory bowel disease treatments. Therapeutic failure is observed, however,…
Allopurinol use in pregnancy in three women with inflammatory bowel disease: sa…
PMID: 24345189
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Allopurinol is a frequently prescribed drug. In inflammatory bowel disease patients who shunt thiopurine metabolism towards more toxic an…
Mechanism of allopurinol induced TPMT inhibition
PMID: 23770457
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Up to 1/5 of patients with wildtype thiopurine-S-methyltransferase (TPMT) activity prescribed azathioprine (AZA) or mercaptopurine (MP) demonstrate a…