| Drug ID: | Drug27 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Metformin |
| CID: | 4091 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00331 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT05553704, , NCT05574387, , NCT03986996 |
| Molecular Formula: | C4H11N5 |
| Molecular Weight: | 129.16 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN(C)C(=N)N=C(N)N |
| Synonyms: | metformin; 657-24-9; 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide; N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide; Fluamine; Metformine; Metiguanide; Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, N,N-dimethyl-; Dimethylbiguanide; Flumamine |
| Phase 0: | 58 |
| Phase 1: | 745 |
| Phase 2: | 530 |
| Phase 3: | 564 |
| Phase 4: | 555 |
| Description: | Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent used for treating non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It improves glycemic control by decreasing hepatic glucose production, decreasing glucose absorption and increasing insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Metformin is the only oral antihyperglycemic agent that is not associated with weight gain. Metformin may induce weight loss and is the drug of choice for obese NIDDM patients. When used alone, metformin does not cause hypoglycemia; however, it may potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas and insulin. Its main side effects are dyspepsia, nausea and diarrhea. Dose titration and/or use of smaller divided doses may decrease side effects. Metformin should be avoided in those with severely compromised renal function (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), acute/decompensated heart failure, severe liver disease and for 48 hours after the use of iodinated contrast dyes due to the risk of lactic acidosis. Lower doses should be used in the elderly and those with decreased renal function. Metformin decreases fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control. Metformin may also have a positive effect on lipid levels. In 2012, a combination tablet of linagliptin plus metformin hydrochloride was marketed under the name Jentadueto for use in patients when treatment with both linagliptin and metformin is appropriate. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt248 | 4091 | Metformin | 5604 | MAP2K1 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt249 | 4091 | Metformin | 6794 | STK11 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt250 | 4091 | Metformin | 5728 | PTEN | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt251 | 4091 | Metformin | 5290 | PIK3CA | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt252 | 4091 | Metformin | 3265 | HRAS | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt253 | 4091 | Metformin | 5465 | PPARA | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt254 | 4091 | Metformin | 55244 | SLC47A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 37713619 | Modulator |
| dt255 | 4091 | Metformin | 32 | ACACB | Homo sapiens (human) | 37713619 | Activator |
| dt256 | 4091 | Metformin | 2110 | ETFDH | Homo sapiens (human) | Inhibitor | |
| dt257 | 4091 | Metformin | 5564 | PRKAB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Inducer|Activator |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05553704 | Metformin in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Treated With Mesalamine | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Tanta University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Metformin | Details |
| NCT05574387 | Metformin as Added on Therapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Tanta University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Metformin | Details |
| NCT04750135 | Assessment of Metformin as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE2 | UNKNOWN | National Hepatology & Tropical Medicine Research Institute | Ulcerative Colitis|Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: metformin 500 mg TID Oral Tablet|DRUG: Plac… | Details |
| NCT04624230 | Evaluation of Oral Tofacitinib in Children Aged 2 to 17 Years Old Suffering From Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Pfizer | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: tofacitinib | Details |
| NCT06651281 | Extension Study of Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Tulisokibart in Participants With Crohn's Disease or Ulcerative Colitis (MK-7240-011) | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Crohn Disease|Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Tulisokibart|DRUG: Placebo to tulisokibart | Details |
| NCT04857112 | Study Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of Amiselimod (MT-1303) in Mild to Moderate Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Bausch Health Americas, Inc. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Low Dose MT-1303|DRUG: High Dose MT-1303|DR… | Details |
| NCT05986136 | Activation of Autophagy and Suppression of Apoptosis by Dapagliflozin Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE2|PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Mostafa Bahaa | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Mesalamine|DRUG: Dapagliflozin 10mg Tab | Details |
| NCT06353828 | Phase 2a Study to Evaluate IcBD-01 Enema in Active Ulcerative Colitis Patients | PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | CannaMore Biotechs | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: CBD, synthetic form|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT04478825 | Efficacy and Safety of Rectally Administered BBT-401-1S in Subjects With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE1 | TERMINATED | Bridge Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: BBT-401-1S | Details |
| NCT06570772 | Study to Investigate Comparative Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity Between AVT16 and Entyvio | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Alvotech Swiss AG | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: AVT16|BIOLOGICAL: Vedolizumab | Details |
| NCT01290042 | Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of AMG 181. | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | Amgen | Ulcerative Colitis|Crohn's Disease | DRUG: AMG 181|OTHER: Placebo for AMG 181 | Details |
| NCT05507203 | ABTECT-1 - ABX464 Treatment Evaluation for Ulcerative Colitis Therapy -1 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Abivax S.A. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: ABX464|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT00207688 | A Long Term Safety Study of Infliximab (Remicade) in in Ulcerative Colitis Patients | None | COMPLETED | Janssen Research & Development, LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Infliximab 5 mg/kg|DRUG: Infliximab 10 mg/k… | Details |
| NCT04677179 | A Study of LY3471851 in Adult Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Nektar Therapeutics | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: LY3471851|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT02611830 | Efficacy and Safety of Vedolizumab Subcutaneously (SC) as Maintenance Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Takeda | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Vedolizumab 300 mg IV|DRUG: Placebo IV|DRUG… | Details |
| NCT02958865 | Study to Compare Oral PF-06651600, PF-06700841 and Placebo in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Pfizer | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: PF-06651600 or Placebo|DRUG: PF-06700841 or… | Details |
| NCT06420492 | Study of Novel Therapeutics for Acute Remedy of Colitis | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Brigham and Women's Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis|Ulcerative Colitis Chronic Mod… | DRUG: BRS201 | Details |
| NCT03943550 | Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Phase 1b Study for Safety, PK, Efficacy, PD of RO7049665 in Participants With Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | PHASE1 | TERMINATED | Hoffmann-La Roche | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: RO7049665|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT04133194 | Adherence of a 1.600 mg Single Tablet 5-ASA Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | Flemming Bendtsen | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Mesalazine|DRUG: Mesalazine | Details |
| NCT02392221 | Impact of Therapeutic Strategies in the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a Population Based Study (1988-2011). | None | COMPLETED | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens | Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease | None | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | Crohn's disease | An intestinal disease that involves inflammation located_in intestine. | disease of anatomical entity gastrointestinal system disease, intestinal disease, inflammatory bowel disease | Obiltoxaximab; Budesonide; Hydrocortisone acetate; Sulfasalazine; Ursodeoxycholic acid; Pegunigalsidase alfa; Imiglucerase; Bictegravir; Taliglucerase alfa; Etelcalcetide; Cimetidine; Desonide | Crohn's disease is a relapsing systemic inflammatory diseas… | Details |
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S01 | Anti-inflammatory | inflammatory | 5-Aminosalicylates (5-ASAs); corticosteroids | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two main com… | Details |
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
| S03 | Anti-TNF agents | Tumor necrosis factor | infliximab; adalimumab; golimumab; certolizumab pegol | TNF is produced by various immune and non-immune cells in t… | Details |
| S04 | T-cell homing and retention | T-cell trafficking | vedolizumab; anti-MAdCAM1 antibodies ; etrolizumab | Inhibition of the interaction between α4β7 integrins on T c… | Details |
| S05 | Angiogenesis | cell proliferation; vascular permeability | ozanimod | The bioactive lipid S1P has been shown to activate NF-κB an… | Details |
| S06 | Anti-fibrosis | fibrosis; tissue remodelling | GS-5745; STNM01 | Tissue remodelling and destruction in patients with IBD is … | Details |
| S07 | Blockade of cytokine | Cytokine signalling | apremilast; roflumilast; filgotinib; tofacitinib; ABT494; ABT-874; ustekinumab; isankizumab; LY-2525623; AMG139; MEDI2079; guselkumab | Various T-cell subsets, their differentiation pathways and … | Details |
| S08 | Strengthening barrier function | Modulation of barrier function | phosphatidylcholine (lecithin); imiquimod; mongersen | Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) is a nonpathogenic Gram-negat… | Details |
| S11 | Improveming Intestinal Microecology | the intestinal microbiota | antibiotics; probiotics; prebiotics; postbiotics; synbiotics; fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) | The imbalance between beneficial bacteria and harmful patho… | Details |
Metformin use and risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel…
PMID: 40601368
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a significantly elevated risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). While metformin has been as…
Adverse events of concomitant use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and metformin…
PMID: 40232293
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Preclinical investigations have indicated that the concurrent administration of ICIs with statins or metformin may enhance the anticancer…
The adjunctive role of metformin in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative c…
PMID: 40191419
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Metformin, hypoglycemic medication, is recognized for its diverse properties and its capacity to influence the inflammatory pathways. Med…
Diabetes mellitus, metformin's target gene AMPK, and inflammatory bowel disease…
PMID: 39960958
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
The causal relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and diabetes mellitus remains unclear. The aim of this study was to delve into this …
Metformin suppresses gammadelta T17 cell differentiation alleviating DSS-induce…
PMID: 39934569
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, nonspecific, relapsing inflammatory bowel disease. Metformin has pleiotropic effects including anti-inflammator…
The inflammatory bowel disease and gut microbiome are restored by employing met…
PMID: 39710207
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic or recurrent inflammatory disorder affecting various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Metformin, a …
Metformin Is Associated With Improved Inflammatory Bowel Disease Outcomes in Pa…
PMID: 39001616
Year: 2025
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Metformin exerts anti-inflammatory properties through a positive effect on oxidative stress, gut barrier integrity, and the gut microbiot…
Protective effects of metformin in the pro-inflammatory cytokine induced intest…
PMID: 38006803
Year: 2024
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) accompanies disrupted intestinal tight junctions. However, many approaches of therapeutics for IBD a…
Repurposing metformin as a potential treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: …
PMID: 36099786
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of intestinal disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Currently, the incidenc…
Efficacy of platelet rich fibrin with and without metformin in the treatment of…
PMID: 35786379
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
OBJECTIVE: The systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Metformin (MF) with Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) over PRF alone in…
Metformin use is not associated with reduced risk of older onset inflammatory b…
PMID: 35780256
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Metformin has pleiotropic effects including anti-inflammatory properties and effects on the gut microbiome. It is primarily used in the o…
Combining the HSP90 inhibitor TAS-116 with metformin effectively degrades the N…
PMID: 35724510
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prevalent type of inflammatory bowel diseases that may predispose patients to acquire colitis-related cancer if treatmen…
Metformin Ameliorates Chronic Colitis-Related Intestinal Fibrosis via Inhibitin…
PMID: 35645830
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Intestinal fibrosis is considered to be a chronic complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and seriously threatening human health. Effective …
The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of met…
PMID: 35419709
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Metformin can suppress gluconeogenesis and reduce blood sugar by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inducing smal…
Metformin ameliorates chronic colitis in a mouse model by regulating interferon…
PMID: 35064693
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Metformin, a commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been shown to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Notably, AMPK act…
Metformin alleviates intestinal epithelial barrier damage by inhibiting endopla…
PMID: 34986539
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
To investigate the effect and mechanism of metformin on intestinal epithelial barrier injury in ulcerative colitis. A cell model of colitis was estab…
The Emerging Role of Metformin in the Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Ca…
PMID: 34749618
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Metformin is an old, inexpensive, and relatively safe anti-diabetic medication that can decrease the risk of several types of cancer in patients with…
Metformin Exerts Anti-inflammatory and Mucus Barrier Protective Effects by Enri…
PMID: 34658866
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
The present study aimed to determine if metformin exerts anti-inflammatory and mucus-protective effects via the gut microbiota. Metformin has extensi…
Interference With the AMPKα/mTOR/NLRP3 Signaling and the IL-23/IL-17 Axis Effec…
PMID: 34489707
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Empagliflozin and metformin are widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These drugs showed marked anti-inflammatory effects in different an…
Metformin alleviates inflammation in oxazolone induced ulcerative colitis in ra…
PMID: 33504231
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Mechanism
Score: 6.5
OBJECTIVES: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is associated with high sphingosine kinase 1(SPHK1) expression in th…