| Drug ID: | Drug27 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Metformin |
| CID: | 4091 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00331 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT05553704, , NCT05574387, , NCT03986996 |
| Molecular Formula: | C4H11N5 |
| Molecular Weight: | 129.16 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN(C)C(=N)N=C(N)N |
| Synonyms: | metformin; 657-24-9; 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide; N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide; Fluamine; Metformine; Metiguanide; Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, N,N-dimethyl-; Dimethylbiguanide; Flumamine |
| Phase 0: | 58 |
| Phase 1: | 745 |
| Phase 2: | 530 |
| Phase 3: | 564 |
| Phase 4: | 555 |
| Description: | Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent used for treating non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It improves glycemic control by decreasing hepatic glucose production, decreasing glucose absorption and increasing insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Metformin is the only oral antihyperglycemic agent that is not associated with weight gain. Metformin may induce weight loss and is the drug of choice for obese NIDDM patients. When used alone, metformin does not cause hypoglycemia; however, it may potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas and insulin. Its main side effects are dyspepsia, nausea and diarrhea. Dose titration and/or use of smaller divided doses may decrease side effects. Metformin should be avoided in those with severely compromised renal function (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), acute/decompensated heart failure, severe liver disease and for 48 hours after the use of iodinated contrast dyes due to the risk of lactic acidosis. Lower doses should be used in the elderly and those with decreased renal function. Metformin decreases fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control. Metformin may also have a positive effect on lipid levels. In 2012, a combination tablet of linagliptin plus metformin hydrochloride was marketed under the name Jentadueto for use in patients when treatment with both linagliptin and metformin is appropriate. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt248 | 4091 | Metformin | 5604 | MAP2K1 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt249 | 4091 | Metformin | 6794 | STK11 | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt250 | 4091 | Metformin | 5728 | PTEN | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt251 | 4091 | Metformin | 5290 | PIK3CA | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt252 | 4091 | Metformin | 3265 | HRAS | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt253 | 4091 | Metformin | 5465 | PPARA | Homo sapiens (human) | None | |
| dt254 | 4091 | Metformin | 55244 | SLC47A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 37713619 | Modulator |
| dt255 | 4091 | Metformin | 32 | ACACB | Homo sapiens (human) | 37713619 | Activator |
| dt256 | 4091 | Metformin | 2110 | ETFDH | Homo sapiens (human) | Inhibitor | |
| dt257 | 4091 | Metformin | 5564 | PRKAB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Inducer|Activator |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05574387 | Metformin as Added on Therapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Tanta University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Metformin | Details |
| NCT05553704 | Metformin in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Treated With Mesalamine | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Tanta University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Metformin | Details |
| NCT04750135 | Assessment of Metformin as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE2 | UNKNOWN | National Hepatology & Tropical Medicine Research Institute | Ulcerative Colitis|Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: metformin 500 mg TID Oral Tablet|DRUG: Plac… | Details |
| NCT05707429 | Sexual Function and Quality of Life Among Patients Suffering From Inflammatory Bowel Disease(Inactive Stage) | NULL | COMPLETED | Assiut University | Sexual Function Disturbances|Inflammatory Bowel D… | OTHER: The Arabic version of The International In… | Details |
| NCT05706038 | Impact of Adalimumab Withdrawal or Continuation on Severity of COVID-19 and Risk of IMID Relapse | NULL | COMPLETED | IRCCS San Raffaele | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Rheumatic Disorder | DRUG: Adalimumab | Details |
| NCT05687474 | Baby Detect : Genomic Newborn Screening | NULL | COMPLETED | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege | Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia|Familial Hyperinsu… | None | Details |
| NCT05668104 | Jing Si Herbal Tea for Long-Coronavirus Disease(COVID) Gut-brain Interaction | NA | COMPLETED | Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital | Healthy Subjects|COVID-19 Pneumonia|Irritable Bow… | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: Jing Si Herbal Tea Liquid Pac… | Details |
| NCT05643534 | Study to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Tenapanor for Treatment of IBS-C in Pediatric Patients 12 to Less Than 18 Years | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Ardelyx | Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation (IBS-C) | DRUG: Tenapanor 50 MG|DRUG: Tenapanor 25 mg bid|D… | Details |
| NCT05626023 | A Study of Human TH-SC01 Cell Injection for Treating Perianal Fistulas in Patients With Crohn's Disease | PHASE1|PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Jiangsu Topcel-KH Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Perianal Fistula|Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Human TH-SC01 cell injection | Details |
| NCT05588843 | Dose-finding Study of SAR443122 in Adult Participants With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Sanofi | Colitis Ulcerative | DRUG: SAR443122|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT05584735 | Determining the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Immune Response to Influenza or COVID-19 Vaccine | NULL | COMPLETED | University of Wisconsin, Madison | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | BIOLOGICAL: Influenza vaccine|BIOLOGICAL: COVID-1… | Details |
| NCT05573685 | Basket Study (CT-100-002) to Evaluate the Effects of a DiNaMo™ Component Training | NA | COMPLETED | Click Therapeutics, Inc. | Rheumatoid Arthritis|Diabetic Neuropathy|Fibromya… | DEVICE: DiNaMo Study App|DEVICE: Placebo App | Details |
| NCT05542355 | EXL01 in the Maintenance of Steroid-induced Clinical Response/Remission in Participants With Mild to Moderate Crohn's Disease | PHASE1 | TERMINATED | Exeliom Biosciences | Crohn Disease | DRUG: EXL01|DRUG: Placebo|OTHER: SoC corticostero… | Details |
| NCT05536440 | A Study to Learn About Study Medicine Called PF-07261271 in Healthy People | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | Pfizer | Healthy | DRUG: PF-07261271|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT05528510 | A Study of Guselkumab Therapy in Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Janssen Research & Development, LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Guselkumab Dose 1|DRUG: Guselkumab Dose 2|D… | Details |
| NCT07161297 | Remimazolam for Colonoscopy in IBD Patients | PHASE4 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Humanitas Clinical and Research Center | IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) | DRUG: Intravenous remimazolam (5 mg initially, wi… | Details |
| NCT05507931 | Broccoli Sprouts for Mild Ulcerative Colitis | NA | COMPLETED | University of Michigan | Ulcerative Colitis|Ulcerative Colitis Chronic Mild | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: 1 Serving of broccoli sprouts… | Details |
| NCT05507203 | ABTECT-1 - ABX464 Treatment Evaluation for Ulcerative Colitis Therapy -1 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Abivax S.A. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: ABX464|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT07156929 | Kinetics and Metabolism of Nicotinamide Provided as a Dietary Supplementation | NA | COMPLETED | University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein | Respiratory Infection (for Example, Pneumonia, Br… | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: Controlled-ileocolonic-releas… | Details |
| NCT05466890 | Phase 2a to Evaluate PL-8177 in Subjects with Active Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Palatin Technologies, Inc | Ulcerative Colitis|Ulcerative Colitis Acute|Ulcer… | DRUG: PL8177 Placebo|DRUG: PL8177 | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | Crohn's disease | An intestinal disease that involves inflammation located_in intestine. | disease of anatomical entity gastrointestinal system disease, intestinal disease, inflammatory bowel disease | Obiltoxaximab; Budesonide; Hydrocortisone acetate; Sulfasalazine; Ursodeoxycholic acid; Pegunigalsidase alfa; Imiglucerase; Bictegravir; Taliglucerase alfa; Etelcalcetide; Cimetidine; Desonide | Crohn's disease is a relapsing systemic inflammatory diseas… | Details |
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S01 | Anti-inflammatory | inflammatory | 5-Aminosalicylates (5-ASAs); corticosteroids | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two main com… | Details |
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
| S03 | Anti-TNF agents | Tumor necrosis factor | infliximab; adalimumab; golimumab; certolizumab pegol | TNF is produced by various immune and non-immune cells in t… | Details |
| S04 | T-cell homing and retention | T-cell trafficking | vedolizumab; anti-MAdCAM1 antibodies ; etrolizumab | Inhibition of the interaction between α4β7 integrins on T c… | Details |
| S05 | Angiogenesis | cell proliferation; vascular permeability | ozanimod | The bioactive lipid S1P has been shown to activate NF-κB an… | Details |
| S06 | Anti-fibrosis | fibrosis; tissue remodelling | GS-5745; STNM01 | Tissue remodelling and destruction in patients with IBD is … | Details |
| S07 | Blockade of cytokine | Cytokine signalling | apremilast; roflumilast; filgotinib; tofacitinib; ABT494; ABT-874; ustekinumab; isankizumab; LY-2525623; AMG139; MEDI2079; guselkumab | Various T-cell subsets, their differentiation pathways and … | Details |
| S08 | Strengthening barrier function | Modulation of barrier function | phosphatidylcholine (lecithin); imiquimod; mongersen | Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) is a nonpathogenic Gram-negat… | Details |
| S11 | Improveming Intestinal Microecology | the intestinal microbiota | antibiotics; probiotics; prebiotics; postbiotics; synbiotics; fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) | The imbalance between beneficial bacteria and harmful patho… | Details |
Metformin Treatment: A Potential Cause of Megaloblastic Anemia in Patients with…
PMID: 33116733
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
INTRODUCTION: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is a frequent cause of megaloblastic anemia, manifested through various symptoms. Screening for this…
Novel complementary coloprotective effects of metformin and MCC950 by modulatin…
PMID: 32594364
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder, which has an increased incidence worldwide. The NLRP3 inflammasome has rece…
Metformin effect on gut microbiota: insights for HIV-related inflammation
PMID: 32156291
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
The gut microbiota is emerging as a prominent player in maintaining health through several metabolic and immune pathways. Dysregulation of gut microb…
Metformin Protects against LPS-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Activa…
PMID: 29969038
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Metformin not only regulates energy metabolism but also participates in many cellular processes. In this study, we investigated the effect of metform…
Metformin inhibits inflammatory signals in the gut by controlling AMPK and p38 …
PMID: 29540537
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Metformin, a hypoglycemic drug used for treatment of type 2 diabetes, regulates inflammatory pathways. By using several models of intestinal inflamma…
Metformin protects against intestinal barrier dysfunction via AMPKα1-dependent …
PMID: 29148173
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Mechanism
Score: 6.3
Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, that involves the activation of C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), contributes to initiate and accelerat…
Metformin maintains mucosal integrity in experimental model of colitis by inhib…
PMID: 28821163
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, is well known for its multifarious properties and its ability to modulate inflammatory cascade. Ulcerative colitis (…