The diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Asia can be challenging as certain infections can mimic IBD and lead to a misdiagnosis. Colitis can be caused by bacterial infections, ileitis can result from Yersinia and Salmonella infections and ileocolonic ulcers can be seen in intestinal tuberculosis and amebiasis. In addition, cytomegalovirus and Clostridium difficile infection may mimic a flare of IBD and their presence is associated with an increased risk of colectomy and mortality. Because of the increasing use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs and biological agents the risk of opportunistic infection and the reactivation of latent infection including tuberculosis and hepatitis B, are also higher in IBD patients. Screening and prevention of infection, timely vaccination and the education of the patient is paramount before initiating immunosuppressive drugs. The role of the physician lies not only in the diagnosis and management of IBD but also in the ability to prevent, recognize and treat infections. © 2013 Chinese Medical Association Shanghai Branch, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.