EXPRESS: Cardiovascular Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathophysiology and Risk Factors: A Review
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic systemic immune dysregulated disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract that often have extraintestinal manifestations. Limited data exists on the cardiovascular (CV) implications of IBD, but a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been observed compared to the general population, resulting in increased mortality risk. Although IBD's etiology remains unclear, research has shown that it involves a complex interplay between factors such as enteric neural activity, inflammatory mediators, microbiome imbalance, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and environmental stressors. This proinflammatory environment in IBD may contribute significantly to the development of CVD, including myocarditis, pericarditis, thromboembolism, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Furthermore, certain IBD-specific medications have been associated with either the development or worsening of CVD. Despite this potential risk to CV health, drugs like anti-integrins, amino-salicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and advanced therapies including biologics have proven effective for managing and achieving remission in patients with IBD. This literature review analyzes existing data on IBD's pathophysiology and its potential effect on CVD development and progression, along with examining IBD drugs linked to CV health risks and those with less harmful cardiac involvement.