Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, challenging condition characterized by epithelial barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, and alterations in gut microbiota, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss, affecting millions of patients worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic factors, environmental influences, microbial dysbiosis, and other elements. Current treatments for IBD include aminosalicylates, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants, all aimed at reducing inflammation and achieving clinical remission. However, the frequent and prolonged use of these medications results in significant adverse effects, including joint pain, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Therefore, targeting drug delivery to affected areas, extending the duration of drug action, and minimizing systemic exposure are crucial for effective IBD management. Emerging strategies that target excess reactive oxygen species, modulate local inflammation, and restore gut microbiota homeostasis show promise for improving IBD treatment. Biomaterials have demonstrated considerable potential in precisely delivering therapeutic agents selectively to inflamed tissues, thereby minimizing off-target effects and improving efficacy. This review highlights recent advancements in biomaterials for IBD treatment and explores future directions and challenges in their clinical application.