| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Letter to the Editor: Activated Toxoplasma May Attenuate the Effect of Azathiop…
PMID: 31300821
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Recent studies have identified various bacterial groups that are altered in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CE) compared to healthy do…
Azathioprine dosing and metabolite measurement in pediatric inflammatory bowel …
PMID: 31263361
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Not found
Importance of 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Metabolite Monitoring in Inflammatory Bo…
PMID: 31152640
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by both acute and chronic phase inflammation of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract that …
Positive pharmacokinetic effect of azathioprine co-medication on infliximab tro…
PMID: 31147215
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Mechanism
Score: 6.5
Complement C4 genes are linked to paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD), but the mechanisms have remained unclear. We examined the influence …
Azathioprine Is Useful for Maintaining Long-term Remission Induced by Tacrolimu…
PMID: 31118391
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Objective The need for and efficacy of immunomodulators for maintaining remission after tacrolimus therapy have not been sufficiently defined. This s…
The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Drug Azathioprine Induces Autophagy via mTORC1 a…
PMID: 30889246
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Mechanism
Score: 6.5
Riboflavin (RF), is essential for normal cellular metabolism/function. Intestinal RF absorption occurs via a specific carrier-mediated process that …
Mesalamine and azathioprine modulate junctional complexes and restore epithelia…
PMID: 30809073
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is linked to an intricate association of environmental, microbial, and host-related factors. Th…
Concerns and Side Effects of Azathioprine During Adalimumab Induction and Maint…
PMID: 30753377
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) cause autoimmune sequelae including colitis. Yet, how WASP mediates mucosal homeostasis is not …
Acute pancreatitis and azathioprine in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease
PMID: 30685365
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Withdrawal of Azathioprine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Who Sustain R…
PMID: 30604371
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is a trending subject in recent therapy approaches despite its described toxicity. In this work, we have investigated the u…
Red Blood cell IMPDH activity in adults and children with or without azathiopri…
PMID: 30451390
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Total retocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the surgery of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) that are refractory …
Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genetic Polymorphisms and Activity and Metabolic P…
PMID: 30451123
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
In recent years, acute severe outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) are frequently observed in commercial chicken populations of the North Ea…
Azathioprine-Induced Sweet Syndrome Treated With Infliximab
PMID: 30074533
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
BCL-2 levels do not predict azathioprine treatment response in inflammatory bow…
PMID: 29745420
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Comment in Colorectal Dis. 2019 Oct;21(10):1212-1213. AIM: There is a requirement of an expansive and up to date review of surgical management …
NUDT15 R139C variation increases the risk of azathioprine-induced toxicity in C…
PMID: 29702976
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.3
BACKGROUND: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is…
Alopecia Universalis Associated with Ulcerative Colitis and The Role of Azathio…
PMID: 29682249
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
The two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic immune-mediated …
[Role of Rac1 signaling pathway of azathioprine and peptidoglycan in the regula…
PMID: 29614587
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Mechanism
Score: 6.3
Objective: To evaluate the changes of macrophages and expression of Rac1 in the inflammatory site of Crohn's disease, and to investigate the effects …
Late-onset Rise of 6-MMP Metabolites in IBD Patients on Azathioprine or Mercapt…
PMID: 29522107
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), or the measurement of drug concentrations in blood and antidrug antibodies, for biologic therapies used to treat …
Letter: predicting azathioprine-associated pancreatitis in IBD-phenotype or gen…
PMID: 29512918
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.3
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic inflammation, loss of epithelial integrity, and gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Effective …
Letter: predicting azathioprine-associated pancreatitis in IBD-phenotype or gen…
PMID: 29512906
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.3
Comment in Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec;112(12):1892-1893.