| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05584228 | Medical Treatment Versus Surgery in Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Nantes University Hospital | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine + infliximab|PROCEDURE: Intest… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | NULL | COMPLETED | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | None | Details |
| NCT05321485 | The Effect of MedicijnWijs on Adherence to Azathioprine Therapy in Adolescents With IBD | NA | UNKNOWN | Maxima Medical Center | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Ulcerat… | OTHER: MedicijnWijs | Details |
| NCT07138898 | Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | NYU Langone Health | Rheumatic Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Sulfasalazine|DRUG: Hydr… | Details |
| NCT05040464 | Comparison of Azathioprine to Methotrexate in Combination Therapy With Adalimumab in Crohn's Disease: an Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens | Crohn Disease|Azathioprine|Methotrexate | DRUG: AZA capsules|DRUG: MTX|BIOLOGICAL: blood sa… | Details |
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | NA | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Polyuns… | DRUG: azathioprine|DRUG: infliximab|DRUG: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| NCT04160325 | Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine for Remission of Crohn's Diseases After Surgery | NA | UNKNOWN | Zhu Weiming | Crohn Disease | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: postoperative 3-month exclusi… | Details |
| NCT03681652 | Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children | NULL | RECRUITING | Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Anti-TNF Drug | Details |
| NCT03580876 | Addition of Azathioprine in IBD Patients With Immunogenic Failure | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Védrines, Philippe, M.D. | Clinical Failure After Switch | DRUG: addition of azathioprine|DRUG: Switch to a … | Details |
| NCT03393247 | The Therapy Effect of Azathioprine Initial or 14 Weeks After Combined With Infliximab on CD | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: infliximab and azathioprine combination at … | Details |
| NCT03370601 | Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases | NA | TERMINATED | University Hospital, Lille | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Mercaptopurine|DRUG: Azath… | Details |
| NCT03185611 | Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Rifaximin|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT03101800 | Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Hvidovre University Hospital | Colitis, Ulcerative|Colitis Ulcerative Exacerbati… | DRUG: Azathioprine and Allopurinol|DRUG: Azathiop… | Details |
| NCT02998827 | Thalidomide Results in Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Reproductive Age Female IBD Patients | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Thalidomide|DRUG: infliximab, azathioprine|… | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Pre-genotype NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | GENETIC: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| NCT02852694 | Reduce Risk for Crohn's Disease Patients | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | PIBD-Net | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Adalimumab|DRUG: Azathio… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT02517684 | Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Erasmus Medical Center | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|OTHER: Exclus… | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Immunomodulatory Agents for Treatment of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disea…
PMID: 34913108
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
At the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there were many unknowns: transmission vectors of the virus, appropriate inter…
Frequency, Predisposing Factors, and Clinical Outcome of Azathioprine-Induced P…
PMID: 34860811
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Faecal calprotectin (FC) testing to detect inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was recommended for use in UK general practice in 2013. The …
A novel NUDT15 variant identified in Caucasian TPMT wild type patients with inf…
PMID: 34751173
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.5
Azathioprine with Allopurinol Is a Promising First-Line Therapy for Inflammator…
PMID: 34729677
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Decision makers are used to consider Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) within a health technology assessment framework in order to account for an ind…
Idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (INCPH) during azathioprine treatm…
PMID: 34454746
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Cost-effectiveness analysis of genotype screening and therapeutic drug monitori…
PMID: 34430579
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: One goal of multi-omic studies is to identify interpretable predictive models for outcomes of interest, with analytes drawn from multipl…
Usefulness of Measuring Thiopurine Metabolites in Children with Inflammatory Bo…
PMID: 34239556
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Clinicians may be hesitant to prescribe biologics or immunomodulators to individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and comorbid inflamma…
Real-World Use of Azathioprine Metabolites Changes Clinical Management of Infla…
PMID: 34056527
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Eltrombopag can be used safely as upfront medication in the management of ulcerative colitis as well as ITP, and it showed a beneficial effect in bo…
Azathioprine-induced Myelotoxicity After Switching Mesalazine Compound
PMID: 33999201
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.5
Importance of NUDT15 c.415C>T phenotype in treatment of inflammatory bowel dise…
PMID: 33860754
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Worldwide incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is stable in developed countries, but rising in developing countries. Presenting symptoms of…
Pretreatment HLADQA1-HLADRB1 Testing for the Prevention of Azathioprine-Induced…
PMID: 33821842
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Comment in Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Feb;20(2):e28-e30. BACKGROUND & AIMS: The risk of serious infections associated with vedolizumab in …
Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Azathioprine on Long-Term Outcomes Aft…
PMID: 33569894
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
NUDT15 genotyping during azathioprine treatment in patients with inflammatory b…
PMID: 33442476
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Comment in Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2021 Feb;113(2):153-154. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: the SARS-COV-2 pandemic has forced a substantial change in…
Optimization of azathioprine dose in combined treatment with anti-TNF-alpha in …
PMID: 33272733
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) accounts for 2%-3% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases preceded by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such a…
Editorial: methotrexate vs azathioprine-do differential rates of discontinuatio…
PMID: 33263380
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Methotrexate or azathioprine-do differing rates of discontinuation settle the d…
PMID: 33263378
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Azathioprine for prevention of clinical recurrence in Crohn's disease patients …
PMID: 33215456
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.5
Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninjurin1, Ninj1) is a cell-surface adhesion molecule that regulates cell migration and attachment. This study demon…
Population pharmacokinetics of azathioprine active metabolite in patients with …
PMID: 33150655
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Biogenic amines (BA) are a broad group of biologically active substances, the presence of which in the human body can provide important diagnostic i…
NUDT15 C415T variant compared with TPMT genotyping in predicting azathioprine-i…
PMID: 33111378
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
BACKGROUND: Disease heterogeneity, according to the age at onset, has been reported in Crohn's disease (CD). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare …
Azathioprine-Induced Acute Submandibular Sialadenitis in a Crohn's Disease Pati…
PMID: 32999909
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.5
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is featured by overactive immune response and endu…