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Arthritis
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 30085534
Arthritis is derived from the Greek term "disease of the joints." It is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation that often co-exists with pain and structural damage. Arthritis is not synonymous with arthralgia, which refers to pain localized to a joint, regardless of the origin of the pain …
Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions (Archived)
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 30020687
Hypersensitivity reactions (HR) are immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen. Coombs and Gell classified hypersensitivity reactions into four forms. Type I, type II, and type III hypersensitivity reactions are known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IHR) because they occur within 24 hours. Antibodies including IgE, …
VIPoma
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 29939520
Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumors (VIPomas) are rare neuroendocrine tumors characterized by unregulated secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), leading to a distinct clinical syndrome. Werner and Morrison first described them in 1958 as a pancreatic tumor resulting in watery diarrhea and hypokalemia, coining the term Verner-Morrison syndrome after its discoverers. …
Collagenous and Lymphocytic Colitis
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 31082144
Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic watery diarrhea that becomes more common as we age. Based on biopsy findings, 2 types of microscopic colitis are defined: collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. The clinical features of both are very similar. Patients typically present with chronic, watery, non-bloody diarrhea. Histologic changes …
Ketamine in Acute and Chronic Pain Management
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 30969646
Acute and chronic pain remain important health problems in the United States and worldwide. With the rise in the prevalence of many chronic degenerative diseases across the globe, the distribution and absolute numbers of persons experiencing acute and chronic pain have continued to increase. As a result, pain management has …
Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Large Intestine
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 29261962
The large intestine is the portion of the digestive tract where water is absorbed from indigestible material (see Image. Large Intestine). This section of the gut includes the cecum, appendix, entire colon, rectum, and anal canal. The large intestine begins at the terminal ileum with the cecum. Unlike the small …
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 29261996
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, inflammatory disease primarily affecting the axial spine that can manifest with a range of clinical signs and symptoms. The hallmark features of the condition include chronic back pain and progressive spinal stiffness. AS is characterized by the involvement of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) …
Cutaneous Crohn Disease
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 29262135
Crohn disease, a well-known subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, is an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with numerous possible extra-intestinal manifestations. Approximately 40% of all patients affected by Crohn disease experience at least one extra-intestinal manifestation of the disease, with the skin being the most common site of extra-intestinal …
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 29262182
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by repetitive episodes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an abnormal immune response to gut microflora. Inflammatory bowel disease encompasses two types of idiopathic intestinal disease that are differentiated by their location and depth of involvement in the bowel wall. Ulcerative colitis …
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
Publication Year: 2025 Source: StatPearls PMID: 29083692
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a family of rheumatologic disorders that classically include: 1. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS). 2. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA). 3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated arthritis. 4. Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome; ReA). 5. Undifferentiated SpA. . Recently, these disorders have been differentiated further into three additional categories including …
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