Repositioning Candidate Details
| Candidate ID: | R1231 |
| Source ID: | DB09130 |
| Source Type: | approved; investigational |
| Compound Type: | small molecule |
| Compound Name: | Copper |
| Synonyms: | -- |
| Molecular Formula: | Cu |
| SMILES: | [Cu] |
| Structure: |
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| DrugBank Description: | Copper is a transition metal and a trace element in the body. It is important to the function of many enzymes including cytochrome c oxidase, monoamine oxidase and superoxide dismutase . Copper is commonly used in contraceptive intrauterine devices (IUD) . |
| CAS Number: | 7440-50-8 |
| Molecular Weight: | 63.546 |
| DrugBank Indication: | For use in the supplementation of total parenteral nutrition and in contraception with intrauterine devices . |
| DrugBank Pharmacology: | Copper is incorporated into many enzymes throughout the body as an essential part of their function . Copper ions are known to reduce fertility when released from copper-containing IUDs . |
| DrugBank MoA: | Copper is absorbed from the gut via high affinity copper uptake protein and likely through low affinity copper uptake protein and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-2 . It is believed that copper is reduced to the Cu1+ form prior to transport. Once inside the enterocyte, it is bound to copper transport protein ATOX1 which shuttles the ion to copper transporting ATPase-1 on the golgi membrane which take up copper into the golgi apparatus. Once copper has been secreted by enterocytes into the systemic circulation it remain largely bound by ceruloplasmin (65-90%), albumin (18%), and alpha 2-macroglobulin (12%). Copper is an essential element in the body and is incorporated into many oxidase enzymes as a cofactor . It is also a component of zinc/copper super oxide dismutase, giving it an anti-oxidant role. Copper defiency occurs in Occipital Horn Syndrome and Menke's disease both of which are associated with impaired development of connective tissue due to the lack of copper to act as a cofactor in protein-lysine-6-oxidase. Menke's disease is also associated with progressive neurological impairment leading to death in infancy. The precise mechanisms of the effects of copper deficiency are vague due to the wide range of enzymes which use the ion as a cofactor. Copper appears to reduce the viabilty and motility of spermatozoa . This reduces the likelihood of fertilization with a copper IUD, producing copper's contraceptive effect . The exact mechanism of copper's effect on sperm are unknown. |
| Targets: | Amyloid beta A4 protein binder; Adenosylhomocysteinase allosteric modulator; Histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A; Histone H1.4; Peroxiredoxin-1; Protein S100-A8; 40S ribosomal protein SA; Actin, cytoplasmic 2; Alpha-enolase; Elongation factor 1-alpha 1; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 8; Protein disulfide-isomerase; Protein disulfide-isomerase A3; 60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial; Heat shock 70 kDa protein 13; 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein; Endoplasmin; Serotransferrin; Cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein; 40S ribosomal protein S2; Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1; Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1; Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H; Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3; Cobalt-precorrin-5B C(1)-methyltransferase; Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L; Splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich; Splicing factor 3A subunit 2; Receptor of activated protein C kinase 1; Alpha-actinin-1; Aminoacylase-1; Annexin A4; Annexin A5; Calreticulin; Pyruvate kinase PKM; Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]; NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3; Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial; Transketolase; Peroxiredoxin-2; Peroxiredoxin-6; Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A; Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein; Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha; Prostaglandin E synthase 3; Stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1; Translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1-like 14; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6; Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I; Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain; Phosphoglycerate kinase 1; Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain; Tubulin beta chain; Cofilin-1; 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha; Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic; Glutathione synthetase; Hepatoma-derived growth factor; Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit alpha, mitochondrial; Chloride intracellular channel protein 1; Proteasome activator complex subunit 1; Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1; Phosphoglycerate mutase 1; Ran-specific GTPase-activating protein; UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase; Beta-2-microglobulin; Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial; Alternative prion protein; Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1; Huntingtin; Endonuclease 8-like 1; Endonuclease 8-like 2; Hephaestin-like protein 1 cofactor; Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; Protein S100-A2; Protein S100-A4; Alpha-synuclein; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor cofactor; Protein DJ-1; Islet amyloid polypeptide; Tachykinin-3; Alpha-1B-glycoprotein; Afamin; Angiotensinogen; Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein; Serum amyloid P-component; Apolipoprotein A-I; Apolipoprotein A-II; Apolipoprotein A-IV; Apolipoprotein B receptor; Apolipoprotein C-II; Apolipoprotein C-III; Apolipoprotein D; Apolipoprotein E; Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein; Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C; Complement C1s subcomponent; Complement C3; Complement C4-B; C4b-binding protein alpha chain; Complement C5; Complement component C8 beta chain; Complement component C9; Complement factor H; Complement factor I; Tetranectin; Clusterin; Prothrombin; Complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein, mitochondrial; Gelsolin; Hemoglobin subunit alpha; Hemoglobin subunit beta; Chromobox protein homolog 5; Haptoglobin-related protein; Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit; Ig gamma-1 chain C region; Ig gamma-4 chain C region; Ig kappa chain V-III region GOL; Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1; Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2; Kininogen-1; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1; Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10; Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal; Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9; Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein; Lumican; N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; Plasminogen; Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1; Platelet basic protein; Alpha-1-antitrypsin; Kallistatin; Corticosteroid-binding globulin; Thyroxine-binding globulin; Antithrombin-III; Heparin cofactor 2; Pigment epithelium-derived factor; Alpha-2-antiplasmin; Plasma protease C1 inhibitor; Transthyretin; Vitronectin; Amyloid-like protein 1 cofactor |
| Inclusion Criteria: | Therapeutic strategy associated |
| Strategy ID | Strategy | Synonyms | Related Targets | Related Drugs |
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| Target ID | Target Name | GENE | Action | Class | UniProtKB ID | Entry Name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T10 | Caspase-1 | CASP1 | inhibitor | Enzyme | P29466 | CASP1_HUMAN | Details |
| T03 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | PPARA | agonist | Nuclear hormone receptor | Q07869 | PPARA_HUMAN | Details |
| T21 | Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 | DGAT2 | inhibitor | Enzyme | Q96PD7 | DGAT2_HUMAN | Details |
| Diseases ID | DO ID | Disease Name | Definition | Class |
|---|