| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
[Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: azathioprine-induced hepatotoxicity in a pat…
PMID: 21168244
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
We report the case of a 53-year-old man with Crohn's disease who developed azathioprine-induced nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. The di…
Infliximab and/or azathioprine in the treatment of Crohn's disease-like complic…
PMID: 21160308
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
PURPOSE: Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis continues to be confounded by Crohn's disease-like complications after surgery. Such patients experience signif…
Usefulness of the measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the assessment of …
PMID: 21122567
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Azathioprine is a thiopurine immunosuppressive antimetabolite used to chronically treat inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis. Azathiop…
Increased proportion of CD16(+) NK cells in the colonic lamina propria of infla…
PMID: 21083588
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
AIM: To investigate variants of immunity-related GTPase family M (IRGM) and NKX2-3 genes and genotype-phenotype in Eastern European patients with i…
Nodular regenerative liver hyperplasia as a complication of azathioprine-contai…
PMID: 20726808
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Nodular regenerative liver hyperplasia (NRH) is a very rare but potentially severe complication of thiopurine-containing immunosuppressive therapy fo…
Predictive factors of azathioprine prescription in adult patients with Crohn's …
PMID: 20583428
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Azathioprine is the most commonly used immunomodulator in Crohn's disease. The aims of the study are to determine the cumulative fre…
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver secondary to azathioprine in a pa…
PMID: 20581898
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
A case of dramatic portal hypertension with massive ascites and splenomegaly is described in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease receiving azat…
Azathioprine versus mesalazine for prevention of postoperative clinical recurre…
PMID: 20551460
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare azathioprine versus mesalazine tablets for the prevention of clinical recurrence in patients with post…
Azathioprine-induced liver injury in a patient with multiple autoimmune syndrome
PMID: 20443662
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Extraintestinal manifestations are frequent in patients with ulcerative colitis. They are most commonly associated with active bowel disease but can …
Predictors of infliximab failure after azathioprine withdrawal in Crohn's disea…
PMID: 20389296
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
OBJECTIVES: Whether all Crohn's disease (CD) patients should maintain long-term azathioprine treatment in combination with infliximab remains controv…
Early onset steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis is a predictor of azathioprine…
PMID: 20110928
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Studies assessing the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) in steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis (UC) are scarce. The aim of this study was t…
Efficacy of azathioprine in mild or moderate relapse in Crohn's disease: clinic…
PMID: 20078661
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
AIM: The present study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) in patients with active and relapsing Crohn's disease (CD) and the …
Low-dose azathioprine or mercaptopurine in combination with allopurinol can byp…
PMID: 20015102
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Joint involvement associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) belongs to the concept of spondyloarthritis (SpA) and includes two types of arthr…
Azathioprine, mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis, and the chemoprevention of…
PMID: 19906011
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
The development of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is a function of disease duration, with the risk approaching 14% at 25 years. Colitic canc…
Mercaptopurine rescue after azathioprine-induced liver injury in inflammatory b…
PMID: 19709096
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Azathioprine (AZA) liver toxicity arises in approximately 3% of inflammatory bowel disease patients and may result in treatment discontin…
Azathioprine maintains long-term steroid-free remission through 3 years in pati…
PMID: 19705415
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Studies assessing the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) in steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis (SD-UC) are scarce. The purpose of this tria…
Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
PMID: 19160175
Year: 2009
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Update in Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(1):CD003459. BACKGROUND: Although corticosteroids are effective for induction of remission of Crohn…
Pharmacogenomic studies of the anticancer and immunosuppressive thiopurines mer…
PMID: 18662289
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) and its prodrug azathioprine (AZA) are effective for the induction and maintenance of remission and reduction of…
Pharmacoeconomic analyses of azathioprine, methotrexate and prospective pharmac…
PMID: 16898847
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
The thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) are well-established in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, t…
High-dose azathioprine in children with inflammatory bowel disease
PMID: 12656694
Year: 2003
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
The only therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which up to the mid-1990s was disease modifying, was immunosuppression with azathioprine. Othe…