| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05584228 | Medical Treatment Versus Surgery in Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Nantes University Hospital | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine + infliximab|PROCEDURE: Intest… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | NULL | COMPLETED | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | None | Details |
| NCT05321485 | The Effect of MedicijnWijs on Adherence to Azathioprine Therapy in Adolescents With IBD | NA | UNKNOWN | Maxima Medical Center | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Ulcerat… | OTHER: MedicijnWijs | Details |
| NCT07138898 | Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | NYU Langone Health | Rheumatic Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Sulfasalazine|DRUG: Hydr… | Details |
| NCT05040464 | Comparison of Azathioprine to Methotrexate in Combination Therapy With Adalimumab in Crohn's Disease: an Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens | Crohn Disease|Azathioprine|Methotrexate | DRUG: AZA capsules|DRUG: MTX|BIOLOGICAL: blood sa… | Details |
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | NA | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Polyuns… | DRUG: azathioprine|DRUG: infliximab|DRUG: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| NCT04160325 | Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine for Remission of Crohn's Diseases After Surgery | NA | UNKNOWN | Zhu Weiming | Crohn Disease | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: postoperative 3-month exclusi… | Details |
| NCT03681652 | Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children | NULL | RECRUITING | Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Anti-TNF Drug | Details |
| NCT03580876 | Addition of Azathioprine in IBD Patients With Immunogenic Failure | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Védrines, Philippe, M.D. | Clinical Failure After Switch | DRUG: addition of azathioprine|DRUG: Switch to a … | Details |
| NCT03393247 | The Therapy Effect of Azathioprine Initial or 14 Weeks After Combined With Infliximab on CD | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: infliximab and azathioprine combination at … | Details |
| NCT03370601 | Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases | NA | TERMINATED | University Hospital, Lille | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Mercaptopurine|DRUG: Azath… | Details |
| NCT03185611 | Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Rifaximin|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT03101800 | Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Hvidovre University Hospital | Colitis, Ulcerative|Colitis Ulcerative Exacerbati… | DRUG: Azathioprine and Allopurinol|DRUG: Azathiop… | Details |
| NCT02998827 | Thalidomide Results in Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Reproductive Age Female IBD Patients | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Thalidomide|DRUG: infliximab, azathioprine|… | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Pre-genotype NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | GENETIC: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| NCT02852694 | Reduce Risk for Crohn's Disease Patients | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | PIBD-Net | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Adalimumab|DRUG: Azathio… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT02517684 | Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Erasmus Medical Center | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|OTHER: Exclus… | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Commensal bacteria promote azathioprine therapy failure in inflammatory bowel d…
PMID: 37586320
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Azathioprine (AZA) therapy failure, though not the primary cause, contributes to disease relapse and progression in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).…
Acute myeloid leukemia after 10 years of azathioprine treatment for Crohn's dis…
PMID: 37548454
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Azathioprine, which is an immunosuppressive agent commonly used for chronic inflammatory bowel disease, may be associated with an increas…
Azathioprine monotherapy withdrawal in inflammatory bowel diseases: A retrospec…
PMID: 37545640
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the recommended duration of and optimal time to stop azathioprine (AZA) therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (I…
Analysis of the NUDT15 gene and metabolites of azathioprine in Japanese patient…
PMID: 37454061
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Thiopurines continue to play an important role in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is well known that thiopurines ca…
Case report: NUDT15 polymorphism and severe azathioprine-induced myelosuppressi…
PMID: 37229272
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Azathioprine is clinically used as an immunosuppressant for treating autoimmune diseases. However it has narrow therapeutic indices due to frequent m…
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient treated with azathioprine for ulcera…
PMID: 37229049
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Azathioprine (AZA) used as an immunomodulator agent in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) increases the risk of the development of ly…
Evaluation of the mTORC activity in the presence of Toxoplasma gondii and azath…
PMID: 36941573
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Autophagy is an important part of pathogenesis of IBD. Thiopurines such as azathioprine (AZA) are approved drugs for clinical practices i…
Development and validation of a novel HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determina…
PMID: 36895397
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
A rapid, specific and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography with tunable ultraviolet detection method was developed to simultaneously deter…
Normal Ranges of Thiopurine Methyltransferase Activity Do Not Affect Thioguanin…
PMID: 36776499
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity influences azathioprine conversion into active metabolite 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN). …
Azathioprine Withdrawal Is Cost-Effective in Patients with Crohn's Disease in R…
PMID: 36512266
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: In Crohn's disease, combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is more effective than either drug alone but is associated with …
DNA methylation of the TPMT gene and azathioprine pharmacokinetics in children …
PMID: 36462311
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Pharmacology
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is a crucial enzyme for azathioprine biotransformation and its activity is higher in very early onset…
An older patient with active ulcerative colitis and coronavirus disease 2019 (C…
PMID: 36417106
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
A 77-year-old patient with ulcerative colitis (UC) was transferred to our department because of worsening bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain, which w…
Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Fu…
PMID: 36242689
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex immune-mediated inflammatory diseases that are associated with significant morbidity around the wor…
On-demand reconstitutable hyaluronic acid-doped azathioprine microcrystals effe…
PMID: 36178247
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Although CD44-targeted delivery of pure drug microcrystals of azathioprine (AZA) could be a desirable approach to treat ulcerative colitis (UC), prem…
[Metabolism and therapeutic monitoring of azathioprine in gastroenterology and …
PMID: 36047549
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Azathioprine keeps an important place in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis. This molecule has a narrow therapeutic…
Alopecia and colon ulcers following azathioprine use in a patient with myasthen…
PMID: 35984164
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
RATIONALE: Azathioprine is a purine analog (PA) used to treat myasthenia gravis (MG). However, some patients are sensitive to azathioprine and develo…
Management of Idiopathic Pyoderma Gangrenosum With Azathioprine As the Primary …
PMID: 35746991
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a very rare, non-infectious, progressive inflammatory condition falling under the umbrella of neutrophilic dermatoses. I…
Use of Azathioprine in Ulcerative Colitis: A Comprehensive Review
PMID: 35698683
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and remitting chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine characterized by bloody diarrhea, abdominal …
Imputability of Azathioprine in the Occurrence of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in C…
PMID: 35676842
Year: 2023
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Patients with Cohn's disease (CD) treated with thiopurines are at an increased risk of developing cancer. Leukemias are less frequent tha…
C-reactive protein levels and prevalence of leukopenia in patients with inflamm…
PMID: 35584442
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
OBJECTIVE: To examine serum C-reactive protein levels and the prevalence of leukopenia in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis undergo…