| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Recurrent acute pancreatitis induced by 5-ASA and azathioprine in ulcerative co…
PMID: 33250090
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.5
Drug-induced acute pancreatitis (DIAP) is an often-neglected entity where the disorder is the consequence of the toxic effects of various agents appl…
[A case report of Legionella pneumonia in a patient with ulcerative colitis und…
PMID: 33177259
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.5
A 67-year-old man was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis one year ago. Remission was induced via the oral administration of prednisolone and azathiopr…
[Are changes in the blood count clinically useful marker of azathioprine dose?]
PMID: 32972187
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
INTRODUCTION: The 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) level, may be used to estimate dose-adequacy of azathioprine (AZA) therapy. 6-TGN test is not comm…
A rare case of Azathioprine-induced leukopenia in an European woman
PMID: 32842934
Year: 2022
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
INTRODUCTION: Azathioprine (AZA)-induced leukopenia is a common but life-threatening complication of inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies have …
Infliximab plus azathioprine is more effective than azathioprine alone in achie…
PMID: 32755026
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
OBJECTIVES: Over the past few years, mucosal healing (MH) has emerged as a promising goal in the treatment of pediatric patients with Crohn's disease…
Protocol for a multinational risk-stratified randomised controlled trial in pae…
PMID: 32611737
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
INTRODUCTION: Immunomodulators such as thiopurines (azathioprine (AZA)/6-mercaptopurine (6MP)), methotrexate (MTX) and biologics such as adalimumab (…
Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension related to azathioprine therapy in a patient …
PMID: 32610890
Year: 2021
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Azathioprine is widely used for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD). Few cases from Western countries have reported idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal…
Azathioprine induced pancreatitis, polyarthritis and panniculitis (PPP) syndrom…
PMID: 32233278
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.5
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine have been widely used for maintenance of remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The use of thiopuri…
Liver steatosis is a risk factor for hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disea…
PMID: 32091439
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The literature demonstrates that hepatic steatosis reduces the tolerance of immunosuppression in people with inflammatory bowel …
Adalimumab versus azathioprine to halt the progression of bowel damage in Crohn…
PMID: 31692395
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Background: The Lemann Index (LI) was recently developed to evaluate the cumulative bowel damage in patients with Crohn's disease (CD).Aims: To searc…
Development of Leiomyosarcoma in a Patient Treated with Azathioprine
PMID: 31454474
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
Cirrhosis resulting from autoimmune hepatitis is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. A common treatment for autoimmune hep…
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the colon and rectum in a patient with colonic…
PMID: 31350718
Year: 2020
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
A 52-year-old woman was treated for colorectal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) after a prolonged treatment period of azathioprine (AZA) and inf…
Premedication with corticosteroids does not impact the pharmacokinetics of infl…
PMID: 31094854
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
OBJECTIVE: Loss of infliximab (IFX) effect is a clinical challenge in the management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), but this can potentially …
A nearly fatal primary Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with low NK-cell…
PMID: 31077135
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Symptomatic primary Epstein-Barr virus infection is a usually self-limiting illness in adolescents. We present a case of an adolescent wh…
Fatal rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a patient with ulcerative colitis receiving…
PMID: 31049457
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rare fatal fungal infection which is on a growing trend, particularly among immunocompromised…
Azathioprine Biotransformation in Young Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseas…
PMID: 30987408
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
The contribution of candidate genetic variants involved in azathioprine biotransformation on azathioprine efficacy and pharmacokinetics in 111 young …
Association between use of azathioprine and risk of acute pancreatitis in child…
PMID: 30685366
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: Studies have shown an association between use of azathioprine and increased risk of acute pancreatitis in adult inflammatory bowel diseas…
Combination Therapy With Infliximab and Azathioprine Improves Infliximab Pharma…
PMID: 30267864
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Among immunosuppressive- and biologic-naive patients with moderately-to-severely active Crohn's disease (CD), a higher proportion …
Fecal calprotectin is significantly linked to azathioprine metabolite concentra…
PMID: 30212402
Year: 2019
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.5
BACKGROUND: The value of therapeutic drug monitoring during azathioprine (AZA) therapy with respect to clinical outcomes has been convincingly demons…
Mesenchymal stromal cells of bone marrow and azathioprine in Crohn's disease th…
PMID: 30701772
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of MSCs therapy in patients with CD receiving azathioprine (AZA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 34 pat…