| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase ge…
PMID: 19214663
Year: 2009
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Patient information has been viewed as a key component of self-management. However, little attention has been given to methods of disse…
Understanding the delayed onset of action of azathioprine in IBD: are we there …
PMID: 19211850
Year: 2009
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
Not found
A 6-thioguanine nucleotide threshold level of 400 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes p…
PMID: 19086961
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from an aberrant immune response to the indigenous intestinal flora in genetically susceptible …
Use of pharmacogenetics, enzymatic phenotyping, and metabolite monitoring to gu…
PMID: 19040311
Year: 2009
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1) is well known for its role in providing multidrug resistance to cancer cells. In addition, MRP1 has…
Are we giving azathioprine too late? The case for early immunomodulation in inf…
PMID: 18810768
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are driven by imbalances in innate and acquired immune response. In IBD two dysregulated T cell subsets are in the…
Prospective evaluation of the pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in the treatment…
PMID: 18616518
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This retrospective study analyzed the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in China. …
Acute pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease, with special reference to aza…
PMID: 18513380
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: For a patient to make informed, preference based decisions, they must be able to balance the risks and benefits of treatment. The aim of…
Increased dosing requirements for 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in inflamma…
PMID: 18266236
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
To investigate the basis for the LEDGF/p75 dependence of HIV-1 integrase (IN) nuclear localization and chromatin association, we used cell lines mad…
[Optimization of immunomodulatory treatment with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopuri…
PMID: 17980127
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is proposed to result from a dysregulated mucosal immune response to the colonic flora in genetically …
Hepatotoxicity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and Azathioprine (AZA) in adult IBD p…
PMID: 17764490
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: NOD2 mutations are associated with Crohn's disease (CD) in Caucasian clinic-based cohorts. Data from population-based cohorts are limite…
Alcohol binging causes peliosis hepatis during azathioprine therapy in Crohn's …
PMID: 17729423
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Sleep is vital to health and quality of life while sleep abnormalities are associated with adverse health consequences. Nevertheless, sleep problems…
Severe pulmonary toxicity after azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine initiation for th…
PMID: 17667053
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract involving aberrant activation of innate and adapti…
Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and est…
PMID: 17523708
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Keratin-8 (KRT8)-null mice develop spontaneous colitis and predisposition to liver injury. Human studies show that some KRT8 varian…
Assessment of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity is superior to genot…
PMID: 17439508
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Not found
Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonres…
PMID: 17296529
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
AIM: To understand the local pathophysiological alterations and gene ontology-based functional classification of colonic biopsies into inflammatory …
Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes and the adverse effects of azathioprine in …
PMID: 17206640
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence for the hygiene hypothesis in the etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) is unclear. We investigated the relationship …
Azathioprine and mesalazine-induced effects on the mucosal flora in patients wi…
PMID: 17206639
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to determine the rate of work disability, unemployment, and sick leave in an unselected inflammatory bowel di…
IMPDH1 promoter mutations in a patient exhibiting azathioprine resistance
PMID: 17001353
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
The mechanisms controlling retroviral integration have been the topic of intense interest, in part because of adverse clinical events that occurred …
Long-term effectiveness of azathioprine in IBD beyond 4 years: a European multi…
PMID: 16927148
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) make up the so-called chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Advances in the understanding of IB…
5-aminosalicylate therapy is associated with higher 6-thioguanine levels in adu…
PMID: 16633046
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Not found