| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05584228 | Medical Treatment Versus Surgery in Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Nantes University Hospital | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine + infliximab|PROCEDURE: Intest… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | NULL | COMPLETED | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | None | Details |
| NCT05321485 | The Effect of MedicijnWijs on Adherence to Azathioprine Therapy in Adolescents With IBD | NA | UNKNOWN | Maxima Medical Center | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Ulcerat… | OTHER: MedicijnWijs | Details |
| NCT07138898 | Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | NYU Langone Health | Rheumatic Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Sulfasalazine|DRUG: Hydr… | Details |
| NCT05040464 | Comparison of Azathioprine to Methotrexate in Combination Therapy With Adalimumab in Crohn's Disease: an Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens | Crohn Disease|Azathioprine|Methotrexate | DRUG: AZA capsules|DRUG: MTX|BIOLOGICAL: blood sa… | Details |
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | NA | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Polyuns… | DRUG: azathioprine|DRUG: infliximab|DRUG: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| NCT04160325 | Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine for Remission of Crohn's Diseases After Surgery | NA | UNKNOWN | Zhu Weiming | Crohn Disease | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: postoperative 3-month exclusi… | Details |
| NCT03681652 | Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children | NULL | RECRUITING | Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Anti-TNF Drug | Details |
| NCT03580876 | Addition of Azathioprine in IBD Patients With Immunogenic Failure | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Védrines, Philippe, M.D. | Clinical Failure After Switch | DRUG: addition of azathioprine|DRUG: Switch to a … | Details |
| NCT03393247 | The Therapy Effect of Azathioprine Initial or 14 Weeks After Combined With Infliximab on CD | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: infliximab and azathioprine combination at … | Details |
| NCT03370601 | Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases | NA | TERMINATED | University Hospital, Lille | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Mercaptopurine|DRUG: Azath… | Details |
| NCT03185611 | Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Rifaximin|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT03101800 | Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Hvidovre University Hospital | Colitis, Ulcerative|Colitis Ulcerative Exacerbati… | DRUG: Azathioprine and Allopurinol|DRUG: Azathiop… | Details |
| NCT02998827 | Thalidomide Results in Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Reproductive Age Female IBD Patients | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Thalidomide|DRUG: infliximab, azathioprine|… | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Pre-genotype NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | GENETIC: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| NCT02852694 | Reduce Risk for Crohn's Disease Patients | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | PIBD-Net | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Adalimumab|DRUG: Azathio… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT02517684 | Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Erasmus Medical Center | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|OTHER: Exclus… | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase ge…
PMID: 19214663
Year: 2009
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Patient information has been viewed as a key component of self-management. However, little attention has been given to methods of disse…
Understanding the delayed onset of action of azathioprine in IBD: are we there …
PMID: 19211850
Year: 2009
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
Not found
A 6-thioguanine nucleotide threshold level of 400 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes p…
PMID: 19086961
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from an aberrant immune response to the indigenous intestinal flora in genetically susceptible …
Use of pharmacogenetics, enzymatic phenotyping, and metabolite monitoring to gu…
PMID: 19040311
Year: 2009
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1) is well known for its role in providing multidrug resistance to cancer cells. In addition, MRP1 has…
Are we giving azathioprine too late? The case for early immunomodulation in inf…
PMID: 18810768
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are driven by imbalances in innate and acquired immune response. In IBD two dysregulated T cell subsets are in the…
Prospective evaluation of the pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in the treatment…
PMID: 18616518
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This retrospective study analyzed the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in China. …
Acute pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease, with special reference to aza…
PMID: 18513380
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: For a patient to make informed, preference based decisions, they must be able to balance the risks and benefits of treatment. The aim of…
Increased dosing requirements for 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in inflamma…
PMID: 18266236
Year: 2008
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
To investigate the basis for the LEDGF/p75 dependence of HIV-1 integrase (IN) nuclear localization and chromatin association, we used cell lines mad…
[Optimization of immunomodulatory treatment with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopuri…
PMID: 17980127
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is proposed to result from a dysregulated mucosal immune response to the colonic flora in genetically …
Hepatotoxicity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and Azathioprine (AZA) in adult IBD p…
PMID: 17764490
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: NOD2 mutations are associated with Crohn's disease (CD) in Caucasian clinic-based cohorts. Data from population-based cohorts are limite…
Alcohol binging causes peliosis hepatis during azathioprine therapy in Crohn's …
PMID: 17729423
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Sleep is vital to health and quality of life while sleep abnormalities are associated with adverse health consequences. Nevertheless, sleep problems…
Severe pulmonary toxicity after azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine initiation for th…
PMID: 17667053
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract involving aberrant activation of innate and adapti…
Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and est…
PMID: 17523708
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Keratin-8 (KRT8)-null mice develop spontaneous colitis and predisposition to liver injury. Human studies show that some KRT8 varian…
Assessment of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity is superior to genot…
PMID: 17439508
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Not found
Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonres…
PMID: 17296529
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
AIM: To understand the local pathophysiological alterations and gene ontology-based functional classification of colonic biopsies into inflammatory …
Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes and the adverse effects of azathioprine in …
PMID: 17206640
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence for the hygiene hypothesis in the etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) is unclear. We investigated the relationship …
Azathioprine and mesalazine-induced effects on the mucosal flora in patients wi…
PMID: 17206639
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to determine the rate of work disability, unemployment, and sick leave in an unselected inflammatory bowel di…
IMPDH1 promoter mutations in a patient exhibiting azathioprine resistance
PMID: 17001353
Year: 2007
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
The mechanisms controlling retroviral integration have been the topic of intense interest, in part because of adverse clinical events that occurred …
Long-term effectiveness of azathioprine in IBD beyond 4 years: a European multi…
PMID: 16927148
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) make up the so-called chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Advances in the understanding of IB…
5-aminosalicylate therapy is associated with higher 6-thioguanine levels in adu…
PMID: 16633046
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Not found