| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05584228 | Medical Treatment Versus Surgery in Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Nantes University Hospital | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine + infliximab|PROCEDURE: Intest… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | NULL | COMPLETED | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | None | Details |
| NCT05321485 | The Effect of MedicijnWijs on Adherence to Azathioprine Therapy in Adolescents With IBD | NA | UNKNOWN | Maxima Medical Center | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Ulcerat… | OTHER: MedicijnWijs | Details |
| NCT07138898 | Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | NYU Langone Health | Rheumatic Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Sulfasalazine|DRUG: Hydr… | Details |
| NCT05040464 | Comparison of Azathioprine to Methotrexate in Combination Therapy With Adalimumab in Crohn's Disease: an Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens | Crohn Disease|Azathioprine|Methotrexate | DRUG: AZA capsules|DRUG: MTX|BIOLOGICAL: blood sa… | Details |
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | NA | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Polyuns… | DRUG: azathioprine|DRUG: infliximab|DRUG: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| NCT04160325 | Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine for Remission of Crohn's Diseases After Surgery | NA | UNKNOWN | Zhu Weiming | Crohn Disease | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: postoperative 3-month exclusi… | Details |
| NCT03681652 | Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children | NULL | RECRUITING | Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Anti-TNF Drug | Details |
| NCT03580876 | Addition of Azathioprine in IBD Patients With Immunogenic Failure | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Védrines, Philippe, M.D. | Clinical Failure After Switch | DRUG: addition of azathioprine|DRUG: Switch to a … | Details |
| NCT03393247 | The Therapy Effect of Azathioprine Initial or 14 Weeks After Combined With Infliximab on CD | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: infliximab and azathioprine combination at … | Details |
| NCT03370601 | Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases | NA | TERMINATED | University Hospital, Lille | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Mercaptopurine|DRUG: Azath… | Details |
| NCT03185611 | Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Rifaximin|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT03101800 | Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Hvidovre University Hospital | Colitis, Ulcerative|Colitis Ulcerative Exacerbati… | DRUG: Azathioprine and Allopurinol|DRUG: Azathiop… | Details |
| NCT02998827 | Thalidomide Results in Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Reproductive Age Female IBD Patients | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Thalidomide|DRUG: infliximab, azathioprine|… | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Pre-genotype NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | GENETIC: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| NCT02852694 | Reduce Risk for Crohn's Disease Patients | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | PIBD-Net | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Adalimumab|DRUG: Azathio… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT02517684 | Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Erasmus Medical Center | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|OTHER: Exclus… | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: a reversible entity associated with azathiopr…
PMID: 16607155
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Emergency complications of IBD are rare, but may be life-threatening, require surgery, and result in permanent end organ damage. The most common com…
Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase and thiopurine s-methyltransferase genotyp…
PMID: 16431304
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
In the present study, the changes in circulating IGF-1 and its binding protein IGFBP-3 were determined in adult patients with active inflammatory bo…
On tolerability and safety of a maintenance treatment with 6-thioguanine in aza…
PMID: 16222751
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA-78), a member of the CXC chemokine subfamily, is induced by inflammatory cytokines in human colonic…
A cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative disease management strategies in p…
PMID: 16181376
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: The aminosalicylates remain foundation therapy for mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Pro-drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA; mesalamin…
Effects of azathioprine and its metabolites on repair mechanisms of the intesti…
PMID: 16122821
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Mechanism
Score: 6.1
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Naturally occurring IL-1 modulators include IL-1 recep…
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine pharmacogenetics and metabolite monitoring in…
PMID: 16048561
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
INTRODUCTION: We sought to examine the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic activity…
Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated wi…
PMID: 16009685
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Mechanism
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis are complex disorders with an important gene…
Azathioprine induced nodular regenerative hyperplasia in IBD patients
PMID: 15980758
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
Not found
Increased rates of early adverse reaction to azathioprine in patients with Croh…
PMID: 15842588
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease manifests throughout all ethnic groups. Antisaccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic an…
Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity determination before treatment of …
PMID: 15776134
Year: 2005
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
It has been proposed that defective activation of suppressor or regulatory T cells is one mechanism involved in the uncontrolled inflammatory proces…
Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology, eff…
PMID: 15354273
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a key role in tissue degradation and remodeling. Since chronic inflammation is asso…
Clinical significance of azathioprine active metabolite concentrations in infla…
PMID: 15247179
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and determinants of alternative medicine (AM) use in gastroenterology outpatients and those with inflammatory b…
[Genetic polymorphism and treatment of chronic bowel inflammatory diseases: the…
PMID: 15199672
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Dietary antigens may act as important stimuli of the mucosal immune system and have led to the study of nutritional therapy for IBD. Patients with a…
A prospective randomized observer-blind 2-year trial of azathioprine monotherap…
PMID: 15180735
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Comment in J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Sep;37(3):228-9. BACKGROUND: Cytokines appear to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of i…
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine
PMID: 15177535
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Not found
Thiopurine methyltransferase activity influences clinical response to azathiopr…
PMID: 15118980
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
INTRODUCTION: ALPHA-GAL is a glycoconjugate present on cell membranes of mammals and bacteria but not humans who display anti-Gal antibodies (AB) in…
Discordant erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in children wi…
PMID: 15097439
Year: 2004
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
A rabbit model of chronic ileitis has helped decipher the mechanism of alteration of multiple electrolyte and nutrient malabsorptions in inflammator…
Monitoring of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine treatment in children with IBD is n…
PMID: 14671489
Year: 2003
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Dysregulated CD4(+) T cell responses and alterations in T regulatory cells (T(reg) cells) play a critical role in autoimmune diseases, including in…
Thioguanine: a potential alternate thiopurine for IBD patients allergic to 6-me…
PMID: 12809828
Year: 2003
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 6.1
BACKGROUND & AIMS: There are few systematic studies on the natural history or immunogenetic associations of erythema nodosum (EN) or ocular inflamma…
6-Thioguanine seems promising in azathioprine- or 6-mercaptopurine-intolerant i…
PMID: 12544696
Year: 2003
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 6.1
Comment in J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 Mar;17(3):233-5. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Thalidomide is clinically effective in the treatment of graft ver…