Research Article Details

Article ID: A08883
PMID: 31953228
Source: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids
Title: Effects of peptidoglycan on the development of steatohepatitis.
Abstract: Elevating evidences suggested roles of peptidoglycan (PGN) for the insulin resistance, metabolic inflammation and liver disorders. But, whether PGN affects the occurrence of steatohepatitis remains unclear. Here, we reported that subcutaneous infusion of purified PGN for 4 weeks significantly increased hepatic levels of triglyceride, inflammation and fibrosis in mice fed normal chow. These alterations were associated with raise in circulating triglyceride, cholesterol, insulin content and inflammatory cytokines. PGN significantly increased triglyceride contents as well as lipogenesis related genes in primary hepatocytes or LO2 cells, either in basal or oleic acid treated conditions. Administration of PGN stimulated the expression of NOD2, as well as phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα, leading to subsequent nuclear translocation of p65. Over-expression of NOD2 significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of p65, levels of nuclear PPARγ and SREBP1, followed by increase in triglyceride contents in LO2 cells treated with or without oleic acid. Further, over-expression of NOD2 significantly augmented the up-regulation of PPARγ induced by rosiglitazone. Inhibition of NFκB blocked the effect of NOD2 on the upregulation of PPARγ. Our study demonstrates that PGN stimulates hepatic lipogenesis by NOD2-NFκB-PPARγ signaling. PGN from intestinal microbiota is thus sufficient to induce the progression of steatohepatitis.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158595

Strategy ID Therapy Strategy Synonyms Therapy Targets Therapy Drugs
S01 Improve insulin resistance insulin sensitizer; insulin resistance; glucose tolerance Biguanide: increases 5-AMP activated protein kinase signaling; SGLT-2 inhibitor; Thiazalidinedione: selective PPAR-γ agonists; GLP-1 agonist Metformin; Empagliflozin; Canagliflozin; Rosiglitazone; Pioglitazone; Liraglutide Details
S03 Anti-fibrosis fibrosis Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB); CCR2/CCR5 antagonist; Thyroid receptor β agonist; PEGylated human FGF21 analogue; Monoclonal antibody to lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2); Galectin-3 inhibitor; FGF19 variant Losartan; Cenicriviroc; VK-2809; MGL-3196; Pegbelfermin; Simtuzumab; GR-MD-02; NGM282 Details
S05 Anti-inflammatory inflammatory Bile acid; TNF-a inhibitor; Dual PPAR-α and -δ agonists; Toll-Like Receptor; (TLR)-4 antagonist; Caspase inhibitor; ASK-1 inhibitor Ursodeoxycholic Acid; Pentoxifylline; Elafibranor; JKB-121; Emricasan; Selonsertib; Details

Target ID Target Name GENE Action Class UniProtKB ID Entry Name
T10 Caspase-1 CASP1 inhibitor Enzyme P29466 CASP1_HUMAN Details

Diseases ID DO ID Disease Name Definition Class
I05 9352 Type 2 diabetes mellitus A diabetes that is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 disease of metabolism/inherited metabolic disorder/ carbohydrate metabolic disorder/glucose metabolism disease/diabetes/ diabetes mellitus Details

Drug ID Drug Name Type DrugBank ID Targets Category Latest Progress
D248 Obeticholic Acid Chemical drug DB05990 NR1H4 activator; NR1H4 agonist; FXR agonist Enhance lipid metabolism Approval rejected Details
D018 Aspirin Chemical drug DB00945 AKR1C1 inhibitor; PCNA downregulator Enhance lipid metabolism Under clinical trials Details
D182 Insulin Biological drug DB00030 INSR agonist; CPE modulator&product of -- Under clinical trials Details
D311 Rosiglitazone Chemical drug DB00412 PPARG agonist; PPARA; PPARD Improve insulin resistance Failed in clinical trials Details