| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Adalimumab is more effective than azathioprine and mesalamine at preventing pos…
PMID: 24019080
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
OBJECTIVES: Postsurgical recurrence of Crohn's disease (CD) is very frequent and, to date, only infliximab has been shown to be useful in preventing …
Monitoring and safety of azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease
PMID: 24010109
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Azathioprine is the most common drug used to maintain clinical remission in inflammatory bowel disease. This drug is also important as a steroid-spar…
Acute Pancreatitis Induced by Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine Proven by Singl…
PMID: 24010098
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.1
We report here a case of drug-induced acute pancreatitis proved by elimination and single, low dose challenge test in a child with Crohn disease. A 1…
Effect of azathioprine or mesalazine therapy on incidence of re-hospitalization…
PMID: 23989915
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Although the cost of Crohn's disease (CD) treatment differs considerably, hospitalization and surgery costs account for most of the total…
Crohn's-like disease in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency treated…
PMID: 23971663
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent primary antibody deficiency. It is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, and …
Early azathioprine therapy is no more effective than placebo for newly diagnose…
PMID: 23770132
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND & AIMS: A small placebo-controlled trial reported the efficacy of mercaptopurine therapy for children newly diagnosed with Crohn's disease…
Addition of metronidazole to azathioprine for the prevention of postoperative r…
PMID: 23689809
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic recurrence occurs in up to 80% of patients with Crohn's disease 1 year after intestinal resection. Imidazole antibiotics, thio…
Use of azathioprine and the risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease
PMID: 23514635
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.1
Increased risks of lymphoma and skin cancer associated with thiopurine use among patients with inflammatory bowel disease have been shown, but data o…
Mucosal improvement in patients with moderate to severe postoperative endoscopi…
PMID: 23388543
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: The value of azathioprine metabolites (6-thioguanine nucleotides [6-TGN]) in monitoring clinical treatment response is still controversia…
Inflammatory bowel diseases and primary sclerosing cholangitis: hepatic and pan…
PMID: 23329527
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In up to 80% of cases primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The effic…
[A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the breast in a patient with Crohn's dise…
PMID: 23242021
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Azathioprine (AZA) treatment in transplant or autoimmune patients and subsequent appearance squamous cell carcinomas at various sites, particularly s…
A skewed thiopurine metabolism is a common clinical phenomenon that can be succ…
PMID: 23168376
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A skewed thiopurine metabolism is a phenomenon associated with both poor treatment response and toxicity. Our aim was to evaluat…
[A retrospective analysis of azathioprine in the treatment of 24 patients with …
PMID: 23158859
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of azathioprine (AZA) in the treatment of refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Retrospective a…
Long-term outcome of patients with Crohn's disease who respond to azathioprine
PMID: 23142207
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Little is known about the long-term outcomes of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) who have a complete response to therapy with az…
Thiopurine methyltransferase gene polymorphisms and activity in Chinese patient…
PMID: 23075721
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: The thiopurine drugs are well established in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, uncertainty regarding the risk f…
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative co…
PMID: 22972046
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Maintenance of remission is a major issue in inflammatory bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis, the evidence for the effectiveness of aza…
Toxicity of azathioprine: why and when? analysis of the prevalence of polymorph…
PMID: 22767000
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
CONTEXT: The use of thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine has become quite common in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease…
Successful treatment with azathioprine of relapsing Rosai-Dorfman disease of th…
PMID: 22725985
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-Langerhans histiocytosis that usually presents with lymphadenopathy. Although isolated involvement of the C…
Pulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient with Crohn's disease treated with prednis…
PMID: 22647638
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Biotherapies targeting TNFalpha were proven to be effective in the most severe cases of Crohn's Disease, a chronic granulomatous inflamma…
A case of EBV driven haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicating a teenage…
PMID: 22640698
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
We report a case of Epstein-Barr virus infection with the subsequent development of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a teenage Crohn's disease …