| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05584228 | Medical Treatment Versus Surgery in Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Nantes University Hospital | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine + infliximab|PROCEDURE: Intest… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | NULL | COMPLETED | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | None | Details |
| NCT05321485 | The Effect of MedicijnWijs on Adherence to Azathioprine Therapy in Adolescents With IBD | NA | UNKNOWN | Maxima Medical Center | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Ulcerat… | OTHER: MedicijnWijs | Details |
| NCT07138898 | Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | NYU Langone Health | Rheumatic Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Sulfasalazine|DRUG: Hydr… | Details |
| NCT05040464 | Comparison of Azathioprine to Methotrexate in Combination Therapy With Adalimumab in Crohn's Disease: an Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens | Crohn Disease|Azathioprine|Methotrexate | DRUG: AZA capsules|DRUG: MTX|BIOLOGICAL: blood sa… | Details |
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | NA | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|Crohn Disease|Polyuns… | DRUG: azathioprine|DRUG: infliximab|DRUG: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| NCT04160325 | Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine for Remission of Crohn's Diseases After Surgery | NA | UNKNOWN | Zhu Weiming | Crohn Disease | DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT: postoperative 3-month exclusi… | Details |
| NCT03681652 | Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children | NULL | RECRUITING | Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Anti-TNF Drug | Details |
| NCT03580876 | Addition of Azathioprine in IBD Patients With Immunogenic Failure | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Védrines, Philippe, M.D. | Clinical Failure After Switch | DRUG: addition of azathioprine|DRUG: Switch to a … | Details |
| NCT03393247 | The Therapy Effect of Azathioprine Initial or 14 Weeks After Combined With Infliximab on CD | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: infliximab and azathioprine combination at … | Details |
| NCT03370601 | Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases | NA | TERMINATED | University Hospital, Lille | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Mercaptopurine|DRUG: Azath… | Details |
| NCT03185611 | Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Rifaximin|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT03101800 | Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Hvidovre University Hospital | Colitis, Ulcerative|Colitis Ulcerative Exacerbati… | DRUG: Azathioprine and Allopurinol|DRUG: Azathiop… | Details |
| NCT02998827 | Thalidomide Results in Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Reproductive Age Female IBD Patients | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Crohn Disease | DRUG: Thalidomide|DRUG: infliximab, azathioprine|… | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Pre-genotype NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | NA | UNKNOWN | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | GENETIC: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| NCT02852694 | Reduce Risk for Crohn's Disease Patients | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | PIBD-Net | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Methotrexate|DRUG: Adalimumab|DRUG: Azathio… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT02517684 | Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Erasmus Medical Center | Crohn's Disease | DRUG: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|OTHER: Exclus… | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Economic impact of combination therapy with infliximab plus azathioprine for dr…
PMID: 22626508
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Combination therapy with infliximab (IFX) and azathioprine (AZA) is significantly more effective for treatment of active Crohn's disease …
A case of therapy-related myeloid neoplasm in a patient with Crohn's disease tr…
PMID: 22572218
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Acute leukaemia (AL) has been observed in association with Crohn's disease (CD) notably in patients treated with azathioprine (AZA), which is an immu…
Gene polymorphisms involved in manifestation of leucopenia, digestive intoleran…
PMID: 22535280
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Approximately 10-28 % of patients experience adverse drug reactions related to treatment with thiopurines. The most serious reaction is m…
Oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Crohn's disease patient taking azathioprine: …
PMID: 22464812
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.1
Thiopurines are widely used for remission maintenance and post-operative recurrence prevention in Crohn's disease. The increased risk of cancer in tr…
Initiating azathioprine for Crohn's disease
PMID: 22330233
Year: 2012
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine are therapeutic options for patients with moderate to severe inflammatory Crohn's disease. AZA has both a com…
Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as sweet syndrome in a child with ulce…
PMID: 22253154
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Sweet syndrome is a cutaneous lesion characterized by tender, red inflammatory nodules or papules. We describe a pediatric case of Sweet syndrome pre…
Safety of azathioprine use during pregnancy
PMID: 22170192
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.1
QUESTION: Quite a few of my female patients with rheumatic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease are using azathioprine. They are afraid to take a …
A pharmacogenetics study of TPMT and ITPA genes detects a relationship with sid…
PMID: 21961091
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pharmacogenetic studies in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are mainly focused on genes involved in the metabolism of Azathiopr…
Tolerance and efficacy of azathioprine in pediatric Crohn's disease
PMID: 21910176
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Thiopurines are considered first-line immunomodulators for the prevention of relapse in moderate to severe pediatric Crohn's disease (CD)…
Thiopurine methyl-transferase activity and azathioprine metabolite concentratio…
PMID: 21722149
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Low thiopurine-methyl-transferase (TPMT) activity and high 6-thioguanine-nucleotide (6TGN) concentrations have been linked to therapeutic…
Azathioprine and mercaptopurine: lymphoma
PMID: 21648178
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Prospective follow-up for a median of 35 months of a French cohort of 19 486 patients with inflammatory bowel disease showed a nearly 4-fold increase…
Association between adverse effects under azathioprine therapy and inosine trip…
PMID: 21544018
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) catalyzes the pyrophosphohydrolysis of inosine triphosphate to inosine monophosphate. Recentl…
Recurrent atrial fibrillation in a patient with ulcerative colitis treated with…
PMID: 21496410
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
We present a clinical case report regarding recurrent atrial fibrillation in a patient with ulcerative colitis treated with azathioprine. Atrial fibr…
Relapse rate following azathioprine withdrawal in maintaining remission for Cro…
PMID: 21476031
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: The duration of use of azathioprine (Aza) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) for maintaining remission for Crohn's disease is debatable. AIM: To…
Evidence for a functional genetic polymorphism of the Rho-GTPase Rac1. Implicat…
PMID: 21372752
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Adverse effects of thiopurine drugs occur in 15-28% of patients and the majority is not explained by thiopurine-S-methyltransferase defic…
Pregnancy after azathioprine therapy for ulcerative colitis in a woman with aut…
PMID: 21367409
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
OBJECTIVE: To present a case of fertility restored by azathioprine treatment in a woman with autoimmune premature ovarian failure, Addison's disease,…
Mucosal healing with methotrexate in Crohn's disease: a prospective comparative…
PMID: 21235604
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Mucosal healing has become a new therapeutic goal in Crohn's disease and can be achieved with azathioprine (AZA) or biologics. Methotrexa…
Impact of azathioprine and tumour necrosis factor antagonists on the need for s…
PMID: 21228429
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess whether azathioprine and antitumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment decrease the long-term need for sur…
Allopurinol might improve response to azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine by corr…
PMID: 21175793
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Allopurinol potentiates azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) by increasing 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) metabolite concen…
Change in hematologic indices over time in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease…
PMID: 21171667
Year: 2010
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.1
Azathioprine leads to changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and white blood cell (WBC) indices reflecting efficacy or toxicity. Understanding the …