| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Change in erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume during combination therapy with a…
PMID: 25581826
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: The adequacy of exposure of purine analogs as measured by 6-thioguanine nucleotides concentrations in the setting of combination therapy …
[Azathioprine in Crohn's disease therapy--guidance against the background of re…
PMID: 25474282
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Thiopurines (azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine) are the most frequently used drugs in the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease. In current guid…
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. versus azathioprine for prevention of postopera…
PMID: 25445405
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Clinical Trial
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (TwHF) has been used for many years to induce the remission of Crohn's disease in China. AIMS: To compare…
Suspected azathioprine induced liver cirrhosis: an unusual side effect
PMID: 25392720
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
In recent years, the hepatotoxic potential of thiopurines, in particular 6-thioguanine (6-TG) has been discussed in literature. However, cirrhosis wa…
Withdrawal of long-term maintenance treatment with azathioprine tends to increa…
PMID: 25381202
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Many patients with quiescent Crohn's disease are maintained on long-term treatment with azathioprine (AZA), but controlled data a…
Azathioprine is more effective than mesalazine at preventing recurrent bowel ob…
PMID: 25370731
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Patients with subocclusive Crohn's disease (CD) who received azathioprine (AZA) therapy had lower re-hospitalization rates due to all cau…
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of surgically-induced remissi…
PMID: 25081347
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition. Many patients fail to achieve remission with medical management and r…
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis associated with azathioprine therapy in Crohn disea…
PMID: 25022612
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is a rare Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder. It most often occurs in patients …
UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of the azathioprine metabolites 6-mercapto…
PMID: 24960235
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
In the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, the use of azathioprine is increasing over the time. It has been demonstrated that the effectiveness…
Azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease patients: type and time of…
PMID: 24488903
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), purine analogues, are the immunosuppressant drugs most frequently used for inducing and m…
Crohn's disease outcome in patients under azathioprine: a tertiary referral cen…
PMID: 24332869
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Azathioprine is of major importance in the treatment of Crohn's disease; its efficacy has been showed in several works, but real…
Disseminated cutaneous herpes simplex infection in a patient with Crohn's disea…
PMID: 24257435
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Immunosuppressive treatments used in the management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, namely steroids, thiopurines and anti-TNF drugs, raise the risk of…
Increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin after long-term trea…
PMID: 23216663
Year: 2014
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Auto-immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRD) are often successfully treated with the immunosuppressant azathioprine for years. Trea…
Azathioprine
PMID: 30000109
Year: 2006
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.1
Studies in women with inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus or transplantation taking doses of azathioprine up to 200 mg daily for…
Is breastfeeding safe with azathioprine?
PMID: 27579102
Year: 2011
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.1
BACKGROUND: Azathioprine is commonly used as an immunosuppressant during pregnancy in the management of various conditions such as connective tissue …
[Acute cytomegalovirus infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patien…
PMID: 24292114
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
The authors present the case of a 21-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis. Azathioprine treatment was complicated with pancytopenia and septic shoc…
Azathioprine induced serious portal hypertension: a case series of three IBD pa…
PMID: 24261031
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
We report 3 male IBD patients (2 Crohn's Disease, 1 Ulcerative Colitis) developing thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly on azathioprine treatment. All p…
[Is there any interest to dose the azathioprine's metabolites during inflammato…
PMID: 24225042
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
OBJECTIVE: The objective of our work is to search if there is a relation between azathioprine's metabolites (6-thioguanines nucleotides and 6-methyl …
Adverse events associated with azathioprine treatment in korean pediatric infla…
PMID: 24224150
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
PURPOSE: This study was aimed to evaluate the frequency and course of adverse events associated with azathioprine treatment in Korean pediatric patie…
Successful azathioprine treatment with metabolite monitoring in a pediatric inf…
PMID: 24142665
Year: 2013
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.1
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) methylates purine analogues, showing TPMT activity in inverse relation to concentrations of active metabolites …