Repositioning Candidate Details
| Candidate ID: | R1471 |
| Source ID: | DB12965 |
| Source Type: | approved; investigational |
| Compound Type: | small molecule |
| Compound Name: | Silver |
| Synonyms: | Colloidal silver; Nanosilver; Silver colloidal; Silver nanoparticles; Silver, colloidal |
| Molecular Formula: | Ag |
| SMILES: | [Ag] |
| Structure: |
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| DrugBank Description: | Silver (Ag) is a chemical element that belongs in the family of transition metals in the periodic table. It has a high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity. Silver exists as a pure elemental form, alloy with other metals, and mineral. Having critical roles in various applications inducing chemical and industrial fields, silver compounds have also been used in the field of medicine for centuries due to their broad-spectrum biological actions. Silver nanoparticles especially have been widely used in industrial, household, and healthcare-related products due to their potent antimicrobial activity. and have been used as topical antibacterial agents for the treatment of skin infections, while has also been valued for topical burn treatment . Silver and its compounds have been used in trials studying the management of dental caries since the 1800s, and they may be found in dental pastes as an active ingredients. However, some drawbacks of dental use of silver compounds include tooth discolouration and pulp irritation . |
| CAS Number: | 7440-22-4 |
| Molecular Weight: | 107.8682 |
| DrugBank Indication: | Indicated for the treatment of acne for topical use or the management of dental caries for dental use. |
| DrugBank Pharmacology: | Silver exhibits a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Silver ions were shown to mediate an effective antibacterial action against _Streptococcus mutans_, one of major bacteria present in the human oral cavity and one of etiological microorganism of dental caries . A study reported a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles against MRSA and non-MRSA bacteria . Silver nanoparticles were also shown to mediate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive _S. aureus_ and Gram-negative _E. coli_ by inhibiting the growth . In experimental dinitrochlorobenzene-induced inflammatory models in porcine or murine skin, topical application of silver nitrate and nanocrystalline silver were shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects associated with lymphocyte apoptosis, decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced gelatinase activity . In a rat model of ulcerative colitis, orally or intracolonically administered nanocrystalline silver were shown to suppress matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-β (IL-β) and IL-12 . |
| DrugBank MoA: | The majority of released silver ions precipitate with chloride or phosphate anions or bind to albumins, macroglobulins, or tissue debris . While bound silver ions do not exert antibacterial actions, they may potentially play a role in silver toxicity in case of chronic exposure . Silver ions mediate antibacterial effects via disrupting the bacterial, fungal, and protozoal cell membranes; they bind to disulphide in membrane proteins, readily allowing penetration through the membranes and intracellular absorption via pinocytosis . They may also bind to negatively-charged peptidoglycans in the cell wall via electrostatic interactions, leading to disruption of membrane transport function and loss of structural integrity . Silver ions also bind to and oxidize sulphydryl groups (SH) in bacterial cytoplasmic enzymes to aberrate their function in metabolic processes. Silver nanoparticles may cause an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the microbial cells leading to metal-induced oxidative stress and cell damage . They also modulate cellular signal system via inhibition of phosphorylation of essential bacterial proteins to eventually cause cell death . It is also reported that silver ions also attach to guanine in bacterial DNA, which inhibits DNA replication . While it is not fully understood, the mode of action of silver compounds in preventing and arresting dental caries is thought to involve inhibition of the demineralization process in addition to cytoplasmic and membrane function perturbation mentioned above . Silver compounds may directly interact with hydroxyapatite, a major tooth component . |
| Targets: | Metallothionein binder; Ceruloplasmin binder; Serum albumin binder; Alpha-2-macroglobulin binder |
| Inclusion Criteria: | Therapeutic strategy associated |
| Strategy ID | Strategy | Synonyms | Related Targets | Related Drugs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S13 | Anti-apoptosis | hepatocyte apoptosis; hepatic autophagy; apoptosis | Pan-caspase inhibitor | Emricasan | Details |
| S04 | Anti-oxidative stress | oxidative stress | α-tocopherol: antioxidant | Vitamin E | Details |
| S05 | Anti-inflammatory | inflammatory | Bile acid; TNF-a inhibitor; Dual PPAR-α and -δ agonists; Toll-Like Receptor; (TLR)-4 antagonist; Caspase inhibitor; ASK-1 inhibitor | Ursodeoxycholic Acid; Pentoxifylline; Elafibranor; JKB-121; Emricasan; Selonsertib; | Details |
| Diseases ID | DO ID | Disease Name | Definition | Class |
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