| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with ulcerat…
PMID: 30510942
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
A 19-year-old female was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis when she presented with persistent melena, and has been treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid…
Successful azathioprine treatment in an adolescent with chronic enteropathy ass…
PMID: 30313113
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
INTRODUCTION: Chronic nonspecific multiple ulcers of the small intestine (CNSU), an entity with female preponderance and manifestations including ane…
Low dose of azathioprine is effective to induce and maintain remission in activ…
PMID: 30142769
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Azathioprine (AZA) 2 to 2.5 mg/kg/d is recommended for European patients with Crohn disease (CD), but several Asian studies reported that low dose of…
Immediate prophylactic vs endoscopic or symptomatic-driven azathioprine treatme…
PMID: 30051962
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
AIM: Azathioprine can prevent postoperative recurrences in Crohn's disease. We compared the efficacy of azathioprine in preventing surgical recurrenc…
Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azath…
PMID: 29664396
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Acute hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy has a high fatality rate in developing countries. Little data are available on chronic infection i…
[Usefulness of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism study and metabolites …
PMID: 29370945
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Azathioprine is widely used in internal medicine and frequently implicated in occurrence of adverse events. Among these adverse events the bone marro…
A Severe Neonatal Lymphopenia Associated With Administration of Azathioprine to…
PMID: 28961694
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Azathioprine is commonly used in Crohn's disease. It has been administered to many pregnant women over many years without significant side effects. H…
Prolonged azathioprine treatment reduces the need for surgery in early Crohn's …
PMID: 28940780
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Whether an early use of azathioprine (AZA) can alter the natural history of Crohn's disease (CD) remains debated. The aim of this…
Hypersensitivity to azathioprine in a patient with Crohn's disease: a case repo…
PMID: 28929775
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.3
Azathioprine (AZA) is commonly used in inflammatory bowel disease and many other medical diseases. The most common adverse events of AZA include gast…
Histological remission of autoimmune hepatitis after the addition of allopurino…
PMID: 28740837
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
The standard therapy for some autoimmune diseases consists of a combination of corticosteroids and thiopurines. In non-responders to thiopurine drugs…
Defining the ultrasound longitudinal natural history of newly diagnosed pediatr…
PMID: 28421251
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Little is known about changes in the imaging appearances of the bowel and mesentery over time in either pediatric or adult patients with …
Adalimumab vs Azathioprine in the Prevention of Postoperative Crohn's Disease R…
PMID: 28402454
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease [POR-CD] is almost certain if no prophylaxis is administered. Evidence for optimal t…
Endoscopic Recurrence 6 Months After Ileocecal Resection in Children With Crohn…
PMID: 28248209
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
OBJECTIVES: Intestinal surgery is an important part of Crohn disease (CD) treatment in children. The aim of the present study was to compare the rate…
Azathioprine Hypersensitivity Syndrome: Two Cases of Febrile Neutrophilic Derma…
PMID: 28203157
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent used in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome is a…
Azathioprine for refractory ulcerative proctitis: A retrospective multicenter s…
PMID: 28089625
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) in refractory ulcerative proctitis (UP) is unknown. METHODS: All patients treated with AZA for refractory …
The glutathione transferase Mu null genotype leads to lower 6-MMPR levels in pa…
PMID: 28045129
Year: 2018
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.3
The conversion of azathioprine (AZA) to mercaptopurine (MP) is mediated by glutathione transferase Mu1 (GSTM1), alpha1 (GSTA1) and alpha2 (GSTA2). We…
The Efficacy of Infliximab Monotherapy versus Infliximab-Azathioprine Sequentia…
PMID: 27896276
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) monotherapy versus infliximab-azathioprine sequential treatment in Crohn's disease (CD) patie…
Experts Opinion on the Practical Use of Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine in In…
PMID: 27760078
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
The relevance of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis, has been challenge…
Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine-induced Liver Injury: Clinical Features and O…
PMID: 27648552
Year: 2017
Relationship Type:
Adverse Effect
Score: 9.3
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to define the clinical, biochemical, and histologic features of liver injury from thiopurines. BACKGROUND: …
Treatment efficacy and safety of low-dose azathioprine in chronic active ulcera…
PMID: 27450969
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose azathioprine (AZA) in treating patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis (UC). METHO…