| Drug ID: | Drug10 |
|---|---|
| Drug Name: | Azathioprine |
| CID: | 2265 |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00993 |
| Modality: | Small Molecule |
| Groups: | approved |
| US Approved: | YES |
| Other Approved: | YES |
| Identifier: | NCT03370601, , NCT02413047, , NCT06213857, , NCT02281799, , NCT03101800, , NCT04882683, , NCT03151525, , NCT00984568, , NCT02579733, , NCT01817972 |
| Molecular Formula: | C9H7N7O2S |
| Molecular Weight: | 277.27 g/mol |
| Isomeric SMILES: | CN1C=NC(=C1SC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3)[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Synonyms: | azathioprine; 446-86-6; Azothioprine; Azathioprin; Azamun; Azanin; Azatioprin; Azasan; Ccucol; Imurek |
| Phase 0: | 3 |
| Phase 1: | 7 |
| Phase 2: | 38 |
| Phase 3: | 59 |
| Phase 4: | 44 |
| Description: | An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis. |
Molecular Structure
Knowledge Graph
| dtID | CID | Compound Name | Gene ID | Gene Name | Species | PubMed IDs | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt80 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5243 | ABCB1 | Homo sapiens (human) | 17262810 | ABCB1 gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to azathioprine |
| dt81 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8647 | ABCB11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCB11 mRNA |
| dt82 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 5244 | ABCB4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCB4 mRNA |
| dt83 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt84 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 1244 | ABCC2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC2 mRNA |
| dt85 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 8714 | ABCC3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC3 mRNA |
| dt86 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 10257 | ABCC4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABCC4 mRNA |
| dt87 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 9429 | ABCG2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG2 mRNA |
| dt88 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 64240 | ABCG5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | 27765674 | Azathioprine results in decreased expression of ABCG5 mRNA |
| dt89 | 2265 | Azathioprine | 63874 | ABHD4 | Homo sapiens (human) | 22623647 | Azathioprine results in increased expression of ABHD4 mRNA |
- No data available
Phase Distribution
Phase Description
- Phase 0: Exploratory trials to assess drug behavior in humans
- Phase 1: Safety trials to determine safe dosage range
- Phase 2: Efficacy trials to evaluate therapeutic effects
- Phase 3: Large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and safety
- Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety and efficacy
| Trial ID | Title | Phase | Status | Sponsor | Indications | Interventions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04882683 | Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis | None | UNKNOWN | Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd. | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Prednisone|DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Adalimu… | Details |
| NCT03151525 | Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Istituto Clinico Humanitas | Colitis, Ulcerative | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Infliximab | Details |
| NCT00984568 | Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Colitis, Ulcerative | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab|DRUG: Prednisolone|DRUG: 5… | Details |
| NCT00537316 | Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807) | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | Ulcerative Colitis | BIOLOGICAL: Infliximab (IFX)|DRUG: Azathioprine (… | Details |
| NCT02579733 | Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Kyungpook National University Hospital | Ulcerative Colitis | DRUG: Azathioprine|DRUG: Placebo | Details |
| NCT01817972 | Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Gastroenterology Research of America | Crohn's Disease | BIOLOGICAL: Certolizumab pegol|DRUG: Azathioprine | Details |
| CTRI/2023/10/058514 | Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of oral tofacitinib in patients with Parthenium dermatitis: A prospective interventional open label study - NIL | Not Available | Not Recruiting | AIIMS, New Delhi | Health Condition 1: L237- Allergic contact dermat… | Intervention1: Oral Tofacitinib: Tofacitinib is a… | Details |
| ISRCTN95420128 | Subcutaneous CT-P13 monotherapy versus combination with immunomodulation when switching from intravenous infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease A multicentre, randomised withdrawal trial | PHASE4 | Recruiting | Kings Health Partners | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Digestive… | The intervention is the withdrawal of immunomodul… | Details |
| NCT05456776 | Azathioprine Linked With Impaired Intestinal Epithelial Postoperative Regeneration in Crohn's Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education | None | None | Details |
| NCT04761952 | N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease:a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Inflammatory Bowel Diseases;Crohn Disease;Polyuns… | Drug: azathioprine;Drug: infliximab;Drug: N-3 Pol… | Details |
| EUCTR2019-002942-19-DK | NORDTREAT_The Nordic IBD treatment strategy trial a randomized controlled trial of access to a protein profile_ | PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | Region ebro l | Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis MedDRA ve… | Trade Name: Remicade Infliximab Pharmaceutical Fo… | Details |
| DRKS00013246 | 6-TGN levels (azathioprine drug monitoring) and markers of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Not Recruiting | MHH OE6810 | K50 K51;Crohn disease [regional enteritis];Ulcer… | Group 1: Patients with IBD and azathioprine monot… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-004112-35-SE | Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol- versus azathioprine monotherapy in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An investigator-initiated, open, multicentre, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial __A SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) study __ | PHASE4 | Authorised | SOIBD (The Swedish Organisation for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) | Patients with inflammatory bowel diseae (Ulcerati… | Trade Name: Imurel Product Name: Azathioprine Pro… | Details |
| ChiCTR-OOC-17010617 | Study on the relationship between TPMT and NUDT15 gene polymorphism and azathioprine-induced adverse reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Not Available | Recruiting | Xiangya Hospital, Central South University | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Two cohorts:azathioprine treatment; | Details |
| NCT02929706 | Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Not Available | Not recruiting | Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia | Genetic: Pre-genotype NUDT15 and optimize azathio… | Details |
| EUCTR2016-000522-18-FR | Risk stratified randomized controlled trial in paediatric Crohn Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively a treatment strategy - REDUCE-RISKincd-PIBD-TRIAL | PHASE4 | Not Available | PIBDNet | Crohn disease;Therapeutic area: Diseases [C] - Di… | Product Name: humira Pharmaceutical Form: Solutio… | Details |
| ACTRN12613001347752 | A randomized controlled trial of patients with IBD attending specialist clinics comparing de novo combination allopurinol and thiopurine versus thiopurine and placebo (ie standard practice) in terms of objective and clinical outcomes at six months | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Recruiting | Eastern Health | Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Inflammatory Bowel D… | De novo combination therapy with allopurinol 100m… | Details |
| EUCTR2013-001503-37-DK | Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | PHASE3 | Not Recruiting | Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz | Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (Ulcerativ colitis, C… | Trade Name: Imurel Pharmaceutical Form: Tablet IN… | Details |
| ACTRN12611000363987 | The Triple A (Adjunctive Allopurinol and Azathioprine) Study: Use of Ajunctive Allopurinol in Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Non-responders to Optimize 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Production and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). | PHASE3|PHASE4 | Not Recruiting | The Alfred Hospital | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); Inflammatory B… | Eligible IBD patients will be randomly allocated … | Details |
| NL-OMON22783 | Long term hepatotoxicity of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. | Not Available | Not Recruiting | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Inflammatory bowel disease, azathioprine, 6-merca… | 1. Liver biopsy; 2. Venapuncture; 3. Abdominal … | Details |
| Disease ID | Disease Name | Definition | Category | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available | ||||||
| Strategy ID | Therapeutic Strategy | Synonyms | Related Drugs | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S02 | Immunosuppression | Classic immunosuppressive drugs | azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; methotrexate; ciclosporin-A; tacrolimus | Ciclosporin-A and tacrolimus bind to specific intracellular… | Details |
Resected Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Patient with Crohn's Disease on Azathiop…
PMID: 27403102
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Hepatocellular carcinoma rarely occurs in patients without underlying cirrhosis or liver disease. While inflammatory bowel disease has been linked to…
[Azathioprine-induced pancytopenia: case series]
PMID: 27399027
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive drug that has shown effectiveness in inflammatory bowel disease treatment. Its metabolite, 6-mercaptopurine, is …
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative co…
PMID: 27192092
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Maintenance of remission is a major issue in inflammatory bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis, the evidence for the effectiveness of aza…
Clinical Value of Mercaptopurine After Failing Azathioprine Therapy in Patients…
PMID: 27158876
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Thiopurines have been widely accepted as immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. However, many patients have to disconti…
Measurement of red blood cell 6-thioguanine nucleotide is beneficial in azathio…
PMID: 27152547
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
OBJECTIVE: It remains controversial whether 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN)-based dose adjusting can be beneficial in azathioprine (AZA) therapy. Th…
Generalized Pyoderma Gangrenosum Associated with Ulcerative Colitis: Successful…
PMID: 27149138
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare ulcerative skin disease, part of the spectrum of neutrophilic and auto-inflammatory dermatoses. Its pathogenesis …
Azathioprine-induced bullous Sweet's syndrome: a rare association
PMID: 27090551
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
A 52-year-old man presented with high-grade fever, headache and painful vesicular skin rash involving the upper trunk and upper extremities, 8 days a…
Time to Relapse in Children with Crohn's Disease Treated with Azathioprine and …
PMID: 26971092
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: The duration of remission has been shown to be longer in patients initially treated with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) compared to co…
Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients w…
PMID: 26950049
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Thiopurines (Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) are considered a well-established therapy for patients with Inflammatory Bowe…
"Eruptive Lentiginosis" in a Patient With Vitiligo and Inflammatory Bowel Disea…
PMID: 26825158
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Multiple lentiginosis are seen in many multisystemic diseases and during the course of many treatment schemes in the area of application of topical s…
Successful use of infliximab and tacrolimus combination therapy in a patient wi…
PMID: 26754306
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
OBJECTIVE: To report of a case successful use of infliximab (IFX) and tacrolimus (TAC) in a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC). CASE SUMMARY: A 22-…
6-Mercaptopurine for Azathioprine Intolerant Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Litera…
PMID: 26728773
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Thiopurines have been shown to effectively maintain remission of both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and to behave as disease modi…
Crohn's Disease treated with azathioprine and basal cell carcinoma : three case…
PMID: 26712057
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.3
Three cases of basal cell carcinoma in Crohn's disease patients treated with azathioprine are described. A review of the literature is conducted conc…
Azathioprine is effective for oral involvement in Crohn's disease but not for o…
PMID: 26593695
Year: 2016
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: There have been no previous reports assessing the effectiveness of azathioprine (AZA) in the treatment of orofacial granulomatosis (OFG).…
Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
PMID: 26517527
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: The therapeutic role of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine (AZA) remains controversial due to their perceived relatively slow-actin…
Azathioprine induction of tumors with microsatellite instability: risk evaluati…
PMID: 26327213
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Mismatch-repair (MMR)-deficient cells show increased in vitro tolerance to thiopurines because they escape apoptosis resulting from MMR-dependent sig…
Combination of Azathioprine and Aminosalicylate Treatment Prevent Risk of Cardi…
PMID: 26252649
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with involvement of the immune system. Chronic inflammatory diseases have…
A Rare Case of Azathioprine-Induced Sweet's Syndrome in a Patient with Crohn's …
PMID: 26219289
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Association
Score: 9.3
Sweet's syndrome has been reported in association with inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease. It has also been reported in association with s…
Systematic versus Endoscopy-driven Treatment with Azathioprine to Prevent Posto…
PMID: 25926532
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prophylactic azathioprine (AZA) is efficacious in preventing postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence. However, it is unkno…
Severe Sweet's Syndrome with Elevated Cutaneous Interleukin-1β after Azathiopri…
PMID: 25791317
Year: 2015
Relationship Type:
Treatment
Score: 9.3
Sweet's syndrome (SS) is a dermatosis with systemic symptoms characterized by tender, red nodules or papules, occasionally covered with vesicles, pus…