Research Article Details
| Article ID: | A25671 |
| PMID: | 21562784 |
| Source: | Dig Dis Sci |
| Title: | Fatty liver is associated with recurrent bacterial infections independent of metabolic syndrome. |
| Abstract: | BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus and obesity are important components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) which are associated with infections. MetS is frequent in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). AIMS: The objective of this study was to examine whether patients with NAFLD are at higher risk of recurrent bacterial infections (RBIs). METHODS: Two-hundred and forty-seven from 296 hospitalized NAFLD patients were assessed over a three-year period for the occurrence of RBIs and were compared with 100 age and gender-matched patients without NAFLD, who were hospitalized over the same period because of a bacterial infection. An RBI was defined as: ≥2 episodes of bacterial infections per year for a period of three consecutive years. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Biomarkers of inflammation, the level of oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and serum vitamin D levels were measured. RESULTS: NAFLD patients had significantly more RBIs than the patients without NAFLD (22% vs. 8%; P < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that age, BMI, male waist circumference, serum 25(OH)D, triglycerides, serum malondialdehyde, and paraoxonase-1 are associated with RBIs in NAFLD patients. Multivariate analysis showed that NAFLD (odds ratio (OR) = 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.6-4.2, P < 0.001), serum 25(OH)D level <20 ng/mL (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 2.4-3.1, P = 0.01), obesity (BMI >30 kg/m(2) (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.8-2.9, P = 0.02) were associated with RBIs, irrespective of MetS. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD is associated with increased risk of RBIs irrespective of MetS. Vitamin D insufficiency is frequent in NAFLD and is associated with increased risk of RBIs. |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s10620-011-1736-5 |
| Strategy ID | Therapy Strategy | Synonyms | Therapy Targets | Therapy Drugs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S01 | Improve insulin resistance | insulin sensitizer; insulin resistance; glucose tolerance | Biguanide: increases 5-AMP activated protein kinase signaling; SGLT-2 inhibitor; Thiazalidinedione: selective PPAR-γ agonists; GLP-1 agonist | Metformin; Empagliflozin; Canagliflozin; Rosiglitazone; Pioglitazone; Liraglutide | Details |
| S04 | Anti-oxidative stress | oxidative stress | α-tocopherol: antioxidant | Vitamin E | Details |
| Target ID | Target Name | GENE | Action | Class | UniProtKB ID | Entry Name |
|---|
| Diseases ID | DO ID | Disease Name | Definition | Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I02 | 5113 | Nutritional deficiency disease | A nutrition disease that is characterized by deficiency of a nutritional element, such as a vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate, protein, fat, or general energy content. https://medlineplus.gov/malnutrition.html | disease of metabolism/acquired metabolic disease/nutrition disease | Details |
| I05 | 9352 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | A diabetes that is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 | disease of metabolism/inherited metabolic disorder/ carbohydrate metabolic disorder/glucose metabolism disease/diabetes/ diabetes mellitus | Details |
| I14 | 9970 | Obesity | An overnutrition that is characterized by excess body fat, traditionally defined as an elevated ratio of weight to height (specifically 30 kilograms per meter squared), has_material_basis_in a multifactorial etiology related to excess nutrition intake, decreased caloric utilization, and genetic susceptibility, and possibly medications and certain disorders of metabolism, endocrine function, and mental illness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity | disease of metabolism/acquired metabolic disease/ nutrition disease/overnutrition | Details |
| Drug ID | Drug Name | Type | DrugBank ID | Targets | Category | Latest Progress | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D387 | Vitamin D | Supplement | DB11094 | -- | Vitamin source drug | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D328 | Serine | Chemical drug | DB00133 | SRR | Improve insulin resistance | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D182 | Insulin | Biological drug | DB00030 | INSR agonist; CPE modulator&product of | -- | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D316 | S-adenosyl-L-methionine | Chemical drug | DB00118 | GNMT cofactor | Antiviral | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D094 | Cysteamine | Chemical drug | DB00847 | GSS stimulant | Renal drug | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D095 | Cysteamine bitartrate | Chemical drug | DB00847 | -- | -- | Under clinical trials | Details |