Research Article Details
| Article ID: | A25894 |
| PMID: | 21348181 |
| Source: | G Ital Cardiol (Rome) |
| Title: | [Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new challenge for cardiologists]. |
| Abstract: | The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from 17% to 33% in the general population. It is frequently associated with obesity (60-90%), dyslipidemia (27-92%), diabetes (28-55%) and arterial hypertension (22%); in the presence of the metabolic syndrome, its incidence is 2-fold higher. NAFLD can be considered as an early mediator of the atherosclerotic process with which it shares some pathogenetic mechanisms (insulin resistance, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory activation). Patients with NAFLD are usually asymptomatic, high values of liver enzyme tests being the most common finding. Although liver biopsy is the current gold standard for diagnosis of NAFLD, it is not a practical screening tool given the cost, time-consuming nature and potential morbidity of this procedure. Ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive technique of liver imaging. Patients with NAFLD exhibit a higher mortality rate than the general population. The most frequent causes of death are represented by liver-related diseases, malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease, the latter being as frequent as malignant neoplasms. Data on cardiac abnormalities in patients with NAFLD are scarce. Abnormalities in left ventricular geometry and diastolic function have been described in patients with NAFLD as well as a more severe coronary artery disease characterized by vulnerable plaques, though observed in small cohort studies. According to the available evidence, NAFLD should be taken into consideration by cardiologists because its identification allows a better risk stratification in both primary and secondary prevention. Its correlation with coronary artery disease strongly suggests that NAFLD plays a proatherogenic role per se, in addition to the well known atherosclerotic risk factors. The finding of increased fatty liver content should prompt to assess the coexistence of other risk factors as well as to tailor the appropriate therapeutic regimen in order to reduce fatty liver content. |
| DOI: |
| Strategy ID | Therapy Strategy | Synonyms | Therapy Targets | Therapy Drugs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S01 | Improve insulin resistance | insulin sensitizer; insulin resistance; glucose tolerance | Biguanide: increases 5-AMP activated protein kinase signaling; SGLT-2 inhibitor; Thiazalidinedione: selective PPAR-γ agonists; GLP-1 agonist | Metformin; Empagliflozin; Canagliflozin; Rosiglitazone; Pioglitazone; Liraglutide | Details |
| S04 | Anti-oxidative stress | oxidative stress | α-tocopherol: antioxidant | Vitamin E | Details |
| S05 | Anti-inflammatory | inflammatory | Bile acid; TNF-a inhibitor; Dual PPAR-α and -δ agonists; Toll-Like Receptor; (TLR)-4 antagonist; Caspase inhibitor; ASK-1 inhibitor | Ursodeoxycholic Acid; Pentoxifylline; Elafibranor; JKB-121; Emricasan; Selonsertib; | Details |
| Diseases ID | DO ID | Disease Name | Definition | Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I05 | 9352 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | A diabetes that is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 | disease of metabolism/inherited metabolic disorder/ carbohydrate metabolic disorder/glucose metabolism disease/diabetes/ diabetes mellitus | Details |
| I07 | 1936 | Arteriosclerosis | Build-up of fatty material and calcium deposition in the arterial wall resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the arterial lumen.https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=ncit&code=C35768 | disease of anatomical entity/cardiovascular system disease/ vascular disease/ artery disease | Details |
| I12 | 10763 | Hypertension | An artery disease characterized by chronic elevated blood pressure in the arteries. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797 | disease of anatomical entity/ cardiovascular system disease/vascular disease/ artery disease | Details |
| I13 | 3146 | Lipid metabolism disorder | An inherited metabolic disorder that involves the creation and degradation of lipids. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_metabolism | disease of metabolism/ inherited metabolic disorder | Details |
| I14 | 9970 | Obesity | An overnutrition that is characterized by excess body fat, traditionally defined as an elevated ratio of weight to height (specifically 30 kilograms per meter squared), has_material_basis_in a multifactorial etiology related to excess nutrition intake, decreased caloric utilization, and genetic susceptibility, and possibly medications and certain disorders of metabolism, endocrine function, and mental illness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity | disease of metabolism/acquired metabolic disease/ nutrition disease/overnutrition | Details |