Research Article Details
Article ID: | A48317 |
PMID: | 30290456 |
Source: | Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab |
Title: | Obesity, insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes and free fatty acids. |
Abstract: | High levels of free fatty acids have emerged as a major link between obesity and insulin resistance/Type 2 diabetes. In pancreatic β cells, free fatty acids potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion precisely to the extent needed to compensate for the free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. It is postulated that this prevents the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the majority of obese, insulin-resistant individuals who have free fatty acid-mediated insulin resistance. In individuals with inherited defects of β-cell function (prediabetics), this compensation fails and hyperglycemia develops. Elevated levels of free fatty acids also activate the proinflammatory and proatherogenic nuclear factor κB pathway. Thus, elevated plasma levels of free fatty acid in obese people can produce a low-grade inflammatory state, which may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, strokes and peripheral arterial disease) and to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; these conditions are increased in obesity. |
DOI: | 10.1586/17446651.1.4.499 |

Strategy ID | Therapy Strategy | Synonyms | Therapy Targets | Therapy Drugs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S01 | Improve insulin resistance | insulin sensitizer; insulin resistance; glucose tolerance | Biguanide: increases 5-AMP activated protein kinase signaling; SGLT-2 inhibitor; Thiazalidinedione: selective PPAR-γ agonists; GLP-1 agonist | Metformin; Empagliflozin; Canagliflozin; Rosiglitazone; Pioglitazone; Liraglutide | Details |
S05 | Anti-inflammatory | inflammatory | Bile acid; TNF-a inhibitor; Dual PPAR-α and -δ agonists; Toll-Like Receptor; (TLR)-4 antagonist; Caspase inhibitor; ASK-1 inhibitor | Ursodeoxycholic Acid; Pentoxifylline; Elafibranor; JKB-121; Emricasan; Selonsertib; | Details |
Diseases ID | DO ID | Disease Name | Definition | Class | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I16 | 6713 | Cerebrovascular disease | An vascular disease that is characterized by dysfunction of the blood vessels supplying the brain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK378/ | disease of anatomical entity/ cardiovascular system disease/ vascular disease/cerebrovascular disease | Details |
I05 | 9352 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | A diabetes that is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 | disease of metabolism/inherited metabolic disorder/ carbohydrate metabolic disorder/glucose metabolism disease/diabetes/ diabetes mellitus | Details |
I14 | 9970 | Obesity | An overnutrition that is characterized by excess body fat, traditionally defined as an elevated ratio of weight to height (specifically 30 kilograms per meter squared), has_material_basis_in a multifactorial etiology related to excess nutrition intake, decreased caloric utilization, and genetic susceptibility, and possibly medications and certain disorders of metabolism, endocrine function, and mental illness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity | disease of metabolism/acquired metabolic disease/ nutrition disease/overnutrition | Details |
I07 | 1936 | Arteriosclerosis | Build-up of fatty material and calcium deposition in the arterial wall resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the arterial lumen.https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=ncit&code=C35768 | disease of anatomical entity/cardiovascular system disease/ vascular disease/ artery disease | Details |