Research Article Details
| Article ID: | A52951 |
| PMID: | 19046738 |
| Source: | Clin Cornerstone |
| Title: | Endocrine functions of adipose tissue: focus on adiponectin. |
| Abstract: | Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity and overweight are associated with, and contribute to, the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The adipocyte-derived cytokine, adiponectin, has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, increase rates of fatty acid oxidation, decrease muscle lipid content, and reduce inflammation and vascular injury. However, adiponectin levels have been found to be reduced in persons with obesity and type 2 DM. Furthermore, adiponectin levels are inversely associated with those of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein-markers of endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. The 2 receptors for adiponectin-Adipo R(1) and Adipo R(2), which are expressed in muscle and liver tissue and in human fat cells-are hormonally regulated, with increased insulin levels causing a reduction in their abundance. The hyperinsulinemia observed in obesity, therefore, may be partially responsible for the reduction in the numbers of adiponectin receptors. Adiponectin aggregates range from a hexamer of low molecular weight to larger multimeric structures of high molecular weight. A smaller proteolytic fragment-the globular head domain of adiponectin, or gAd-interacts specifically with skeletal muscle. The relation of circulating adiponectin to its biologic actions is more complex than originally believed; therefore, it is the multimeric forms of the adiponectin molecule that need to be measured and evaluated in relation to associated metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal functions. Furthermore, strategies to measure the numbers of adiponectin receptors on available tissue need to be developed to fully assess the clinical role of adiponectin in type 2 DM, CVD, and CKD. |
| DOI: | 10.1016/s1098-3597(08)60026-5 |
| Diseases ID | DO ID | Disease Name | Definition | Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I05 | 9352 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | A diabetes that is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 | disease of metabolism/inherited metabolic disorder/ carbohydrate metabolic disorder/glucose metabolism disease/diabetes/ diabetes mellitus | Details |
| I14 | 9970 | Obesity | An overnutrition that is characterized by excess body fat, traditionally defined as an elevated ratio of weight to height (specifically 30 kilograms per meter squared), has_material_basis_in a multifactorial etiology related to excess nutrition intake, decreased caloric utilization, and genetic susceptibility, and possibly medications and certain disorders of metabolism, endocrine function, and mental illness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity | disease of metabolism/acquired metabolic disease/ nutrition disease/overnutrition | Details |
| Drug ID | Drug Name | Type | DrugBank ID | Targets | Category | Latest Progress | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D328 | Serine | Chemical drug | DB00133 | SRR | Improve insulin resistance | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D182 | Insulin | Biological drug | DB00030 | INSR agonist; CPE modulator&product of | -- | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D094 | Cysteamine | Chemical drug | DB00847 | GSS stimulant | Renal drug | Under clinical trials | Details |
| D095 | Cysteamine bitartrate | Chemical drug | DB00847 | -- | -- | Under clinical trials | Details |